БІБЛІОТЕКА ЖУРНАЛУ
АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА ТА ЛІТЕРАТУРА
Випуск 9 (117)
І. В. ҐАНДЗЯ
В. В. СИНЕЛЬНИКОВА
ГО ТУЄМОСЬ ДО
ЗНО
BRAINSTORMING
DAY BY DAY
Харків
Видавнича група «Основа»УДК 37.016
ББК 74.268.1Англ
Г19
Автори:
ҐандзяІ. В., учитель ЗОШ № 70, м. Харків
Синельникова В. В., учитель гімназії № 6, м. Харків
Ґандзя І. В.
Г19 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day / І. В. Ґандзя,
В. В. Синельникова. — X. : Вид. група «Основа», 2012. —
108 [4] с. — (Б-ка журн. «Англійська мова та література»;
Вип. 9(117)).
ISBN 978-617-00-1584-6.
Навчальний посібник «Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day»
призначено для випускників шкіл і спрямовано на підготовку абітурієнтів
до зовнішнього тестування з англійської мови.
УДК 37.016
ББК 74.268.1Англ
ISBN 978-617-00-1584-6
© Ґандзя І. В., Синельникова В. В., 2012
© ТОВ «Видавнича група “Основа” » , 2012ЗМІСТ
Вступ.................................................................................................................. 5
Reading
True / False Tasks..................................................................................... 6
Multiple Choice .........................................................................................10
Headings + Paragraphs ............................................................................ 27
Gaps ........................................................................................................... 34
Language Use
Present Action
(Present Simple, Present Continuous) .................................................... 40
Past Action
(Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous) ...................................41
Future Action
(Present Continuous, will be, going to, Present Simple) ........................45
Prepositions of Time and Place ................................................................49
Keys (ключі)
Reading ..................................................................................................... 52
Language Use............................................................................................ 54
Граматичний довідник
Артикль ....................................................................................................56
Іменник..................................................................................................... 57
Прийменники часу та місця .................................................................. 59
Прислівник...............................................................................................61
Прикметник..............................................................................................62
Ступені порівняння прикметників і прислівників.......................... 62
Числівник ................................................................................................ 64
Займенник ................................................................................................ 65
Вживання та переклад українською зворота “There + to be” ............ 67
Дієслово..................................................................................................... 68
Часові форми дієслова групи Indefinite ............................................68
Часові форми дієслова групи Continuous
(Тривалий час)...................................................................................... 73
Часові форми дієслова групи Perfect
(Перфектні часи).................................................................................. 754 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
The Future Indefinite-in-the-Past
(Майбутній час у минулому) ........................................................... 77
Часові форми дієслова групи Perfect Continuous
(Перфектно-тривалий час)............................................................... 77
Узгодження часів .............................................................................. 79
Пряма та непряма мова
(Direct and Reported Speech) ............................................................... 80
Пасивний стан (Passive Voice) ............................................................ 82
Indefinite (Simple) Passive Voice...................................................... 83
Continuous Passive Voice.................................................................. 83
Perfect Passive Voice ......................................................................... 84
Особливості перекладу граматичних конструкцій
у пасивному стані.............................................................................. 85
Модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти ................................................. 86
Дієприкметник I, I I .............................................................................. 90
Герундій ................................................................................................ 91
Інфінітив ............................................................................................... 92
Речення.................................................................................................. 93
Порядок слів у реченнях ................................................................. 93
Складні речення................................................................................ 96
Умовні речення................................................................................. 97
Література.......................................................................................................100
Appendix
Корисні фрази, які можна використовувати
в розмові та на письмі ...................................................................... 101ВСТУП
Перша частина "READING"
Типи текстів: пропоновані для опрацювання тексти, що присвя
чені різним аспектам життя людини, дібрано з автентичної худож
ньої та періодичної літератури. Вони містять певну кількість не
знайомих учням та абітурієнтам слів, тлумачення яких зазвичай
не подається.
Форми завдань: завдання з вибором правильної відповіді, зав
дання на встановлення відповідностей (добір логічних пар), за
питання з відповідями, встановлення логічного порядку просто
го тексту, знаходження аргументів та висновків, встановлення
зв’язків між інформаційними блоками, вибір назв абзаців тексту
із запропонованих назв. Для кожного тестового завдання запро
поновано декілька варіантів відповідей, з яких тільки одна пра
вильна.
Друга частина "LANGUAGE USE"
Граматичні вправи: пропоновані завдання включають різнома
нітні вправи на закріплення лексико-граматичних структур. Впра
ви містять завдання на заповнення пропусків і завдання з розгор
нутою відповіддю.
У завданнях на заповнення пропусків необхідно дібрати лек
сичні одиниці відповідно до контексту.
Комунікативна ситуація: у завданні з розгорнутою відповіддю
слід записати власне висловлення у письмовій формі відповідно
до запропонованої комунікативної ситуації. Усі письмові завдан
ня супроводжуються спеціальними поясненнями, які визначають
про що треба писати.
Граматичний довідник
До граматичного довідника включено всі граматичні правила
у зручній формі — таблицях, із повним поясненням та зразка
ми, які суттєво допоможуть під час виконання завдань розділу
“Language Use” .6 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
READING
TRUE/FALSE TASKS
Text 1
Decide if the following information is true or fasle. Write T or F in the box next
to each statement.
More apples are harvested in the United States than any other
country in the world; the amount far exceeds that of France, the
number two country in the world list.
It could be that this is why the word “apple” features in a whole
range of American expressions including the famous old saying
“American as apple pie” . Something that is excellent can be in apple-
pie order while a ridiculous assertion is apple sauce. A scheme or plan
that can be overturned unexpectedly is an applecart.
Then there was the dance, the Big Apple, which was a big hit in
the 1930’s. This name was also given, by jazzmen, to the city of New
York, and this name has continued up to the present day.
Apples are valued nowadays for their aid to digestion and their
help in keeping teeth clean and healthy. Also an ordinary apple only
contains 85 calories.
Everybody knows an old proverb “An apple a day keeps a doc
tor away” .
A The United States is the world’s leading country in the harvesting
of apples.
B Although France is a prominent harvester of apples, the United
States’ harvest is much larger.
C The extent of the American harvest of apples may explain why
apples are so popular.
D Many different American expressions are about apple-pie.
E To be in apple-pie order means to be in fair condition.
F Apple sauce can refer to an absurd statement.
G An applecart may be overturned unexpectedly.
H There are many schemes or plans that can be overturned.
I The Big Apple was the name given to Manhatten in the 1930’s.
J Jazzmen gave the name Big Apple to New York City.Reading. True/False Tasks 7
K Apples are worth a lot of money nowadays.
L Apples are a help to our digestion and in keeping our teeth clean.
M The Big Apple was a very popular dance.
N While an apple is good for our health it doesn’t contain the large
sum of 85 calories.
Answer: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Text 2
Decide if the following information is true or fasle. Write T or F in the box next
to each statement.
Tepees were used as homes by the American Indian as he moved
around looking for better buffalo hunting grounds and richer soil.
They could be put up or taken down in minutes, so the Indian could
be extremely mobile.
There were outside smokeflats at the top which could be adjusted
by outside poles to let smoke out of the opening at the top: a kind of
chimney system. There was a kind of double wall with dead air space
for insulation in between; this was made by hanging a large piece of
buffalo skin all around the inside of the tepee.
The tepee’s poles were tied to the saddle of the horse, one on each
side, when it was necessary to move. Its cover was rolled up and tied
across the two poles, a kind of transportation called a drag or travois.
On the drags could be carried various belongings and, sometimes,
young children.
A Tepees were the most convenient dwellings for American Indians.
B The American Indians used tepees on the hunting grounds.
C American Indians kept herds of buffalo.
D The American Indians were primarily farmers.
E The American Indians had to be mobile because of fear of the
buffalo.
F The design of tepees was not at all easy to understand.
G The tepees greatly assisted Indian mobility.
H Tepees could be made from buffalo skins in a few minutes.
Answer: A B C D E F G H8 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Text 3
Decide if the following information is true or fasle. Write T or F in the box next
to each statement.
The word parliament comes from the French word “parlement” .
Parler in French means to speak. The UK parliament consists of
the sovereign, that is the king or queen, the House of Lords and the
House of Commons. Although the power of each of the three ele
ments has changed considerably, this structure was in place by the
14th century.
In the Middle Ages, kings used to consult their barons and lords
before making decisions. The situation changed in the 13th century,
when Henry III decided he could make decisions by himself — al
though he still wanted the barons to help pay for his activities. After
a particularly expensive and unsuccessful war, the barons rebelled.
On defeating the king, they formed a council, or parliament. At first
this was just a meeting of noblemen, but within i few years repre
sentatives of counties and towns were invited to oin it. The full par
liament, including the representatives of the “ common” people, met
when the king needed money and they discussed how to raise this
through taxes. A reduced parliament of lords and barons discussed
new laws.
The conflict between the sovereign and parliament did not stop
after Henry III but continued in following centuries. In the 17th cen
tury, Charles I, who was then king, disagreed with parliament about
how much power he should have. He thought he had been chosen to
be king by God and therefore didn’t need to consult parliament about
taxes, foreign policy and other matters. Parliament disagreed. The
result was a civil war which the parliamentarians won. Charles was
beheaded and Britain became a republic for 11 years. Although the
monarchy returned in 1660, parliament’s importance was clearly es
tablished by the end of the century.
Today parliament has two main duties. Its first is to make new
laws, the second is to make sure the government’s decisions are ex
amined and discussed properly. Both houses are involved in these,
although the House of Commons is more important. The two houses
also have separate responsibilities. The House of Commons makes de
cisions on taxes and public finance, while the House of Lords acts as
the highest court of justice in the UK.
1. The world parliament comes from an old English word.Reading. True/False Tasks 9
2. The members of the House of Commons are barons and bishops.
3. In the Middle Ages, the king needed a parliament to raise money.
4. The queen or king has little political power nowdays.
5. The House of Lords is responsible for creating new laws.
Answer:
Text 4
Decide if the following information is true or fasle. Write T or F in the box next
to each statement.
Take fifteen unemployed young people and a celebrity chef, put
them together in a kitchen for a year and sit back and watch the dra
ma unfold. Jamie Oliver is the celebrity chef. His idea was “ to train
a team of unemployed kids with an interest in and a passion for food
and to open a first class restaurant in London to be run by them” .
Jamie Oliver is a phenomenon in the UK, where his TV series
shows him in his trendy apartment, cooking fashionable recipes for
his cool friends. He is also seen riding his scooter and going shop
ping at local markets. He became so famous for his lifestyle that the
supermarket chain Sainsbury’s offered him a fee of over two million
pounds to star in their television adverts. They claim that this has
resulted in a 20 % increase in their profits.
Cooking has always been part of Jamie Oliver’s life. His father
runs a pub and restaurant in Essex (South-east England), and, while
he was growing up, Jamie helped out in the kitchen, where he gained
valuable experience before going on to train as a professional chef
and work in famous Italian restaurants in London.
Jamie Oliver is very rich because of his TV shows and adverts and
his successful cookery books. However, he remains in touch with his
roots, and his down-to-earth style and cheeky humour have made him
popular with people of all ages. He wanted “ to give a little back and
help inspire others” , so he decided to invest in a long-term plan to
help disadvantaged young people to learn about the catering indust
ry. He has also used his influence to raise money for the project.
His restaurant is called Fifteen, reflecting both the address,
15 Westland Place, London, and the number of novices he recruited.
They were chosen from 1,000 applicants, and the whole process was
filmed for a five-part documentary. It wasn’t easy — the restaurant10 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
went over budget, and it looked as if the team wouldn’t learn to be
chefs in time. Only ten students survived the training, and viewers
saw some of the dramatic moments when individual students broke
down, didn’ t turn up for work, burned food, or when Jamie discussed
their progress using his characteristic direct approach.
But the restaurant did open and is still in business. All its profits
go to a charity called Cheeky Chops, aimed at producing 30 profes
sional chefs a year. Jamie invested £1.3 million in the venture and
put his own house at risk to finance it. He wants to set up similar
schemes in New York and Sydney. And Jamie’s recipe for success?
1. In the TV series Jamie Oliver cooks in his new restaurant.
2. Sainsbury’s supermarket chain gave Jamie Oliver 20 % of their
profits.
3. Jamie Oliver trained people in a pub restaurant.
4. Jamie Oliver has decided to invest some of his money in helping
other people.
5. He called his restaurant Fifteen to reflect the age of the young
people he recruited.
6. TV viewers could watch the training of the chefs in a five-part
documentary.
7. All of the original fifteen trainees became professional chefs.
8. Jamie Oliver received £1.3 million from the new business.
9. Jamie Oliver has the intention of opening more restaurants like
Fifteen.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Text 1
Read a magazine article about childhood experiences. Answer the questions
by choosing from the people A-D. The people may be chosen more than
once.
Which person mentions
1) being particularly close to a family member?
2 )his/her intention to act differently from a parent?Reading. Multiple Choice 11
3) enjoying the fact that something was difficult?
4) a way of making sure that he / she did not leave anything out?
5) an act of great generosity?
6) an opportunity to be creative?
7) getting in touch with people who could be of help?
8) regret at what may have been missed?
9) someone who found something puzzling?
10)someone else making a decision with his/her well-being in mind?
11) learning to be more independent?
12)purchasing something which changed his/her life?
13) someone who is unpredictable by nature?
14) something which is no longer available?
15) something that was in short supply?
CHILDHOOD MEMORIES
Four successful people look back at significant events in their
childhood.
A COLIN
When I was eleven years old, my dad inherited quite a large
amount of money from a distant relative. It was typical of him that
he decided to use the money to take a whole party of local kids to
Disneyland in Florida for three days. Fortunately, I was able to go as
well, which was tremendous. In those days, you had to buy tickets for
each ride and so we made a checklist of them all and ticked them off
one by one until we’d been on every one. They still had a donkey train
and a canoe ride back then. My friend Eric bought a funny hat with
his name on the front and then kept wondering how, all over Disney
land, random people knew his name and kept saying, “Hi Eric!” My
family will never let me forget how I ordered a bowl of potato chips
on room service at the motel, which cost them a staggering $20. They
were good chips, though!
B MARILYN
Most teenagers’ parents have normal jobs, you know like working
in an office or being part of a company, but not my mum. She lives
for her work and makes spur-of-the-moment decisions. When I was
a teenager, it almost felt as if I was the parent and she was the child,
as I tried to talk her out of whatever her latest scheme involved. You
see, my mum’s an archaeologist. She travels round the world finding
exciting things in old ruins, and because she was always on the move,12 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
so was I! Sometimes I used to wonder if we’d ever settle down and
lead a normal family life, but we never did, which is a shame really.
Of course, now I’m going to make sure that I don’t do the same to my
daughter.
C JEREMY
I suppose being twins, my brother and I were always regarded as
a single unit and we did do everything together. From an early age,
we were into inventing things, especially things which exploded like
rockets, although I don’t ever recall any actually leaving the ground.
We were keen on Maths at school and bought a computer when we
were eleven years old. It was the best time for getting into computers
because there was very little software about in those days, so if you
wanted to make the computer do anything, you had to write it your
self. Before long we were selling the stuff we’d written to software
companies. I don’t think we knew how to turn our interest into money
at that stage, having no commercial experience. But we soon found
plenty of people who did know, but who couldn’ t handle the technical
side. We haven’t looked back since.
D TANYA
When I was a teenager, my parents used to send my brother and
me off on a week-long summer activity camp each year. Actually,
we went to the same place five years running. I think it was because
they wanted us to do something outdoors rather than have us sitting
in front of a computer screen at home. And it was certainly challeng
ing, if you consider we learnt to do things like climbing and caving.
It wouldn’t suit all kids, but for us it was great. We found out how to
fend for ourselves and we met lots of people from around the world.
I’m still in touch with some of them by e-mail even now. Looking
back, I guess it cost my parents a lot of money, but as far as I’m
concerned it was a good investment because it really broadened my
horizons.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Text 2
Read the text. Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best
according to the text.Reading. Multiple Choice 13
ADVENTURES OF DON QUIXOTE
by Miguel de Cervantes
Once, long ago, in the small farming village of La Mancha in
Spain there lived a rather quiet country gentleman. Now, like most
of the country gentlemen in La Mancha, this country gentleman rose
with the sun, loved to hunt, and spent most of his time caring for
his estate. He was, however, different in one way. He loved to read.
He read books about knights, battles, knighthood, quarrels, knights’
armour, challenges, knights’ ladies, and knights of old. All the books
he read, in fact, had something to do with knights.
This gentleman read from dawn until the wee hours of the morn
ing. He read so much in fact, that he began to neglect his farm. Not
only that, his brain began to come loose with all these stories about
knights. He became so entranced with knights and knighthood, that
one day a wonderful thought occurred to him. He would become
a knight. After all, he thought, there were few knights around these
days, it seemed to the gentleman that there were a lot of wrongs that
needed righting. Yes, he decided that’s what he would do. He would
become a wandering knight and travel the world with his horse, pro
perly outfitted, of course, seeking adventures. There would be great
risks and great dangers, but the gentleman was sure that he would
win great honor and glory.
Once he decided to become a knight, he set about outfitting him
self. Lying in a corner, he found some old and rusty armour that once
belonged to a forgotten relative. He happily cleaned and polished it,
whistling as he did so. As he cleaned away, he noticed that the helmet
was missing a visor. Now this disturbed the gentleman. He couldn’ t
very well go into battle with a helmet that didn’t work. What could
he do? Finally, the gentleman had an idea. He would make a new visor
out of cardboard. Now, as you can imagine, a visor made out of card
board could hardly be called protection. But nonetheless, the gentle
man went right to work. He worked hard and long on his project and
after almost a week it was finished.
The gentleman might have been on the road to adventure a lot
sooner had he not decided to test his visor. But, unfortunately, he
did. Taking his sword, he sliced at the cardboard visor a number of
times to check its strength. The sword neatly cut through the visor,
turning it into a pile of thin, little strips. A week to make! Needless
to say, the gentleman wasn’t pleased that he had destroyed his visor.
He spent the next few days rebuilding the visor, and reinforcing it14 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
with strips of tin. Once it was finished, he attached it to his hel
met. Since he had no welding materials, he tied it to his helmet with
two pieces of green ribbon. No knight had ever gone into battle with
two green bows on his helmet, but it was the best the gentleman
could do.
Now that his armor was ready, the gentleman went to inspect
his horses. Unfortunately, there was only one horse in the barn and
that horse was quite old. Its head sagged over, and its bones showed
through its weary skin. To the gentleman, however, it was a mighty
steed, stomping and snorting, anxious for battle. “ I shall name you
Rocinante” , said the gentleman, “a fine and noble name” .
Now that his horse had a name, the gentleman decided it was
time that he too had a title. After all, he couldn’t very well ride out
into the countryside with his simple country gentleman’s name. He
thought and thought about a proper name for a knight. Finally, he
decided to call himself Don Quixote. Like all good knights, he added
the name of his town to his name and called himself Don Quixote de
la Mancha.
All his preparations were complete, and Don Quixote was anxious
to get on the road.
1. This country gentleman...
A rose with the sun, B loved to hunt,
C spent most of his D all above
time caring for his estate
2. One day a wonderful thought occurred to Don Quixote...
A He would become a farmer. B He would become a king.
C He would become a knight. D He would become
a burglar.
3. The gentleman was sure that he would...
A win great honor and glory B become a wandering
knight
C travel the world with his horse D seek adventures
4. He found some old and rusty armour...
A scissors, helmet, knife B spoon, fork, sword
C spade, shield, lance D the lance, shield, sword,
and helmet
5. His visor was made out of...
A board B cardboard
C iron D woodReading. Multiple Choice 15
6. He decided to test his...
A horse B sword
C visor D house
7. The gentleman decided to call himself...
A Don Quixote B Quixote de la Mancha
C Don de la Mancha. D Don Quixote de la Mancha.
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Text 3
Read the text. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
Frontier schools were every bit as rugged as the rest of frontier
life. But the pioneers believed in education. Of all the possessions
packed into their covered wagons, books were among those they va
lued most. When the first pioneer families settled in a new area, there
were no schools of any kind. Young children were sometimes taught
at home in spare moments by an older brother or sister. Or they would
meet in a neighbor’s home for lessons in reading, writing, and arith
metic. Their teacher was usually a pioneer woman with her own home
and family to care for. Often her blackboard was the dirt floor, and
her chalk was a long stick.
A school was put up when enough children lived in an area. Fa
milies worked together to gather the materials and build the school.
Most schools were built of wood, but on the plains where wood was
scarce, schools were built of sod. Both kinds of schoolhouses had dirt
floors, unplastered walls, and few windows.
The schoolroom had no desks. Children sat in rows on hard,
flat wooden benches without backs. Roxanna Rice, a pioneer
girl in Kansas, described her early schooldays: “ I remember the
first school I attended, a room crowded full of big boys and girls.
...I and my brother, with another boy, occupied a bench with no
back, near the stove. When the stove became too warm, we whirled
around and faced the other side. The boy with us wore a paddle
fastened around his neck. On the paddle were posted several let
ters of the alphabet and these were changed (by his parents) every
day. How I envied that boy because his parents were making such
pains with him” .16 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Frontier schools, like frontier homes, had no electricity, no plumb
ing, and no running water. The schoolrooms were poorly lighted. The
“restroom” was an outhouse, one for the boys and one for the girls.
The “drinking fountain” was a bucket and dipper kept in a corner of
the room.
“There wasn’t any drinking water” , one student explained, “so
usually two kids went after it. You’d go to the nearest house with the
bucket. It was quite a thing to do that. It was during classes, you see,
and you got out of class. But you had to be good or she wouldn’t send
you. Then everybody who wanted a drink would line up and use the
same bucket and the same dipper” .
Pioneer children started their day long before school began. By
four o’clock in the morning, many were already up doing their daily
chores. One pioneer remembered what it was like. “ I’d get up and get
the cows in and milk them and get the horses and the hogs fed. Then
we’d get ourselves fed. Then I’d stick my books and my lunch in a pail
and go to school. Across the fields it was two miles, and I’d run all
the way” .
1. What was valued most in pioneers wagons?
A tents B books
C instruments D kettle
2. What did the teachers use at frontier schools?
A computers and calculators B whips
C the floor, a long stick D the desks and chairs
3. What materials were used to build the school?
A bricks B wood and sod
C plastic D concrete
4. Frontier schools, like frontier homes, had no
A benches without backs
B electricity, plumbing, running water
C dirt floors, unplastered walls, few windows
D stove
5. What does the word she in line 34 refer to?
A teacher B mother
C the person on duty D your neighbour
Answer:Reading. Multiple Choice 17
Text 4
Read the text For each of the questions choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
Did you ever wonder how cameras work? You may be surprised to
discover the answer — just like your eye!
Everything you see in the world is lighted for you in some way —
by the sun, or by a lamp, or by fire. Light rays travel from these
sources in straight lines. When these light rays hit something solid,
like your big brother, they bounce off in every direction. Millions of
rays bounce off his nose, his toes, and everything in-between. What
ever the light has bounced off — that’s the picture you see!
How do you see the picture? Your eye is designed to receive these
rays of light through a tiny opening. Only a narrow light beam enter
ing this tiny opening can form a clear picture. Too much light coming
in would cause a blur. The tiny opening is called the pupil. When it
is dark out, the pupil opens a little to admit more light. When it is
sunny, the pupil closes a little.
The camera has a tiny opening like the pupil. Light forms its
picture in the camera the same way it does in your eye. A camera is
a man-made eye. An eye is a natural camera.
Eyes and cameras can take pictures for you — but they can’ t
keep them — not without help. The eye sends its pictures upside
down to the brain. The brain interprets the pictures right-side up.
Your memory stores the pictures, both new ones and old ones, so
you can remember the way your teacher looked yesterday, and also
the face of a friend from your old neighborhood, or how the yard
looked when it snowed, or even the pony you glimpsed once from
a car window. Like your eye, a camera can’ t keep the pictures it
takes — not by itself. A camera needs film. Film makes a print of
the camera’s pictures so you can always look at them again. Film is
the camera’s memory.
1. What are the routes of light?
A solid B square
C straight D clear
2. People’s eye is designed to receive these rays of light through
A a wide hole B a narrow crack
C a window D a pupil
3. Too much light coming in would cause
A a spot B an injury
C a disease D a picture18 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
4. A camera is
A a man-made organ of sight
C an organ of vision
5. What can’ t eye and camera do?
A take pictures
C store the pictures
Answer:
B a made-man eye
D a sight
B make films
D keep the pictures
Text 5
Read the text For each of the questions choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
The planet Venus is almost the same size as Earth. For that rea
son, Venus is called the sister planet of Earth. For many years, as
tronomers, people who study planets and stars, thought that life
might exist on Venus. They even thought that a human civilization
might exist on Venus. A gigantic, dense cloud covers most of Venus’s
surface, and the planet cannot be easily seen. For a long time scien
tists could not take a clear photograph of it.
Today, scientists know Venus is too hot to support life as we know
it. Its cloud cover traps much of the heat the planet absorbs from the
sun. Venus has the hottest average temperature for planets in our
solar system.
Venus has other similarities to Earth. It has mountains, valleys,
earthquakes, and volcanoes. It has formations from lava flows, which
may have formed during a long-past time when Venus’s volcanoes
erupted.
Today information about Venus comes mainly from spacecraft.
The vehicles have orbited the planet and inserted probes into its at
mosphere. These probes have mapped the complete surface of the
planet. They have explored the materials that make up Venus’s sur
face and recorded the planet’s surface temperature.
Venus is indeed a fascinating planet. There is still much on Venus
to explore and discover.
1. What is the size of the planet Venus?
A It is about the size of the sun.
B It is the largest planet in the solar system.
C It is gigantic.
D It is about the size of Earth.Reading. Multiple Choice 19
2. Which of the following is true of the planet Venus?
A Civilization existed on Venus long ago.
B Primitive life exists on Venus.
C Venus is covered by a thick cloud.
D The surface of Venus is liquid rock.
3. What is the climate like on Venus?
A It is extremely hot.
B It is extremely cold.
C It is much like the climate on Earth.
D It is hot and humid.
4. How does the cloud cover over Venus affect the planet?
A It traps the heat of the sun.
B It protects the life forms on the planet.
C It makes the climate cold and rainy.
D It prevents life from developing.
5. Which of the following does Venus have in common with Earth?
A It has a variety of climates.
B It has mountains and valleys.
C It once had a high civilization.
D Its surface cannot be seen from space.
6. What evidence is there that volcanoes have erupted on Venus?
A Dust and ash in the clouds.
B Volcanic ash on the surface.
C Deep craters left by volcanoes.
D Lava formations on the surface.
7. How do scientists collect information about the planet Venus?
A By orbiting the planet in spacecraft.
B Through powerful telescopes.
C With probes from spacecraft.
D By landing on the planet’s surface.
8. What information about Venus has been gained in modern
times?
A Samples of tiny life forms.
B Maps of the planet’s surface.
C Photographs of the planet’s surface.
D Samples of volcanic eruption.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 820 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Text 6
Read the text For each of the questions choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
The sport of boxing has had a long history. It began 6,000 years
ago in sub-Saharan Africa and spread to Egypt and Greece. Ancient
boxing had no ring, no gloves, and few rules. In Greece, two fighters
sat on stones and pounded each other on the head until one of them
was knocked out.
Boxing became part of the Olympic Games in 688 B.C. In the
games, boxers wore leather strips to protect their hands and wrists.
Romans adopted the sport, and invented the boxing “ring” . It was
simply a marked circle that defined the field of action. Roman boxing
was especially brutal and even deadly. In 30 B.C., the sport was abo
lished and disappeared for more than 1,600 years.
In seventeenth-century Europe, boxing made a comeback. At first
it combined wrestling and bareknuckle fighting. Boxers grabbed their
opponents, threw them to the ground, and hit them while they were
down. There was little technique and few rules.
In 1719 James Figg, an expert fencer as well as a boxer, opened
a boxing school in London. He helped boxers develop skill in sidestep
ping, counterpunching, and quick movements.
A set of rules were drawn up, and eventually boxing became so
popular that English gentlemen took up the sport.
1. Where did the sport of boxing first begin?
A in Greece B in sub-Saharan Africa
C in Egypt D in Rome
2. How long has the sport of boxing been in existence?
A about 2,000 years B about 688 years
C 6,000 years D 1,600 years
3. Which of the following is true of ancient boxing?
A Rules were created to protect the boxers.
B Boxers wore leather boxing gloves.
C Boxing in ancient Rome had rigid rules.
D Ancient boxing had few rules.
4. What happened when the Romans adopted the sport of boxing?
A They began to use a boxing ring.
B They established a set of rules.
C Boxing became less dangerous.
D They entered the Olympic Games.Reading. Multiple Choice 21
5. What had happened in the sport by the time it was abolished in
30 B.C.?
A People had lost interest in it.
B It had become too difficult to compete.
C Most boxers had been killed.
D It had become very brutal.
6. How long did boxing disappear before it made a comeback?
A For 30 years. B For more than
1,600 years.
C For 6,000 years. D Until the 1800s.
7. How was boxing conducted in 17th century Europe?
A Important rules were developed, and the boxing became a gen
tleman’s sport.
B Boxing combined the rules of wrestling and fencing.
C Boxers used bare knuckles, and the sport had few rules.
D Boxing was a deadly sport, and boxers were often killed during
a contest.
8. What did James Figg contribute to boxing?
A His school taught boxers new skills and techniques.
B He was an English gentleman who made boxing a popular
sport.
C He taught young boxers how to fence and wrestle.
D He drew up a set of rules for boxing, which made the sport less
difficult.
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Text 7
Read the text. For each of the questions choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
Bananas are widely believed to grow on trees: this is incorrect.
The banana is a plant which finishes all its growth in one year, reach
ing a height of 30 feet. Bananas have a subterranean stem from which
come large, green leaves. The plant reaches its maturity in about
18 months.
As the bunches of bananas mature and the fruit develops, they can
be propped up with poles and covered with blue polyethylene bags.
These prevent bruising, protect against the frost, and speed ripening
by increasing heat and humidity.22 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Once the banana plant has produced its fruit, the mother plant
dies and is replaced by pups (sucker plants). These grow next to the
parent and make a new generation of banana plants.
1. Reference
• What does “ this” in line 1 refer to?
A The belief that bananas grow on trees.
B Certain beliefs about bananas.
C Widely-held beliefs about banana trees.
D The belief that bananas do not grow on trees.
2. Main Idea
• What would be the best title for the first paragraph?
A Beliefs about banana plants.
B The growth of a banana plant to maturity.
C A year in the life of a banana plant.
D Banana plants: from birth to maturity.
3. Scanning
• Why are blue polyethylene bags mentioned in paragraph 2?
A They are used to prop up bananas.
B They protect growing bananas and speed ripening.
C They help increase heat and humidity and so prevent bruising.
D Bunches of bananas are always covered with them.
4. Skimming— General Idea
• What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A How the banana plant produces its fruit.
B How a sucker plant is called a pup.
C The death of mother plants.
D The growth of sucker plants.
5. Prediction and Inference
• The next sentence after the passage is most likely to be:
A The old banana plants are chopped up and used as manure.
B Chicken manure can now be used to feed all kinds of banana
plants.
C Bananas are used in dessert recipes all over the world.
D Bananas are grown all over South and Central America.
6. Restatement
• Another way of expressing the last sentence is:
A Sucker plants grow beside the parent plant and create new ba
nana plants.Reading. Multiple Choice 23
B A new generation of parent plants grows next to the sucker
plants.
C Growing next to the parent plant helps sucker plants make
a new generation of banana plants.
D Parent plants have sucker plants growing beside them; two
generations of plants thus grow together.
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Text 8
Read the text. For each of the questions choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
The first English settlers in America soon discovered that they
had to learn to make the best of indigenous foods. They had brought
wheat and rye seeds with them but these were difficult to grow in
fields still tufted with tree stumps after the colonists’ amateurish
clearing operations. Maize, on the other hand, was easy.
From the North American Indians they learned not only how to
grow it but how to cook it in a dozen simple and enjoyable ways—as
porridge, flatbread, and a kind of frumenty. They were pleased, too,
to recognize their friend the turkey (the Indians’ turkee). From the
Indians the settlers discovered not only what was edible, but how to
cook it; one example is the seacoast clambake, a way of cooking clams
and corn. Another cooking technique discovered was the barbecue,
which seems to have filtered north from the Caribbean where the Ca-
rib Indians salted and smoke-dried meat over a fire of animal hides,
a technique they called boucan.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the first settlers
A enjoyed the taste of indigenous foods.
B had come to America well prepared for farming.
C were amateurs when it came to planting crops.
D were dependent on the North American Indians for every
thing.
2. What does the first “ it” refer to?
A Wheat. B Rye.
C Maize. D Porridge.24 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
3. It can be inferred from the passage that
A the seacoast clambake was a very English way of preparing
clams.
B the seacoast clambake and the barbecue were new ways of cook
ing for the settlers.
C the barbecue was brought over from the Caribbean by the Carib
Indian
D the barbecue gets its name from a kind of smoke-dried meat.
4. The best title for the passage would be
A The foods and cooking techniques of the North American In
dians
B Carib Indian foods and cooking techniques.
C Difficulties encountered by the English settlers in growing
crops in North America.
D The new foods and cooking techniques used by the settlers.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that
A the first settlers were expert at cutting down trees.
B the first settlers preferred English cooking.
C the first settlers and the Indians both valued the turkey.
D the Indians and the first settlers enjoyed cooking food together.
6. What does the second “ it” refer to?
A turkey. B The seacoast clambake.
C All the new food. D Salted meat.
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Text 9
Which sentence in a passage is unnecessary because it does not fit in with
the rest of the passage. It is, for one reason or another, irrelevant; it does not
continue or develop the main idea of the passage.
1. The first officially recognized dragon sightings were on the South
Island of New Zealand. But, although photographs were published
in the international press, the world at large either ignored or dis
believed the reports. The local population tolerated the dragons
until they began to make serious problems for the sheep industry.
After considerable debate it was decided to bomb and napalm the
small dragon colony. Subsequently under pressure from the dra
gons much of the southern tip of the South Island was deserted.Reading. Multiple Choice 25
Eventually the dragons were forced out by a policy of petty ha
rassment. The beasts retired to Stewart Island where they de
scended in force at night without warning, destroying all human
habitation.
2. It was Freud who established the concept of the unconscious. He
directed the attention towards the period in a person’s develop
ment when the conscious was in its most dynamic relationship
with the unconscious, during infancy and childhood. Most peo
ple conceive of this period in their lives as, in many respects, the
least troublesome and problematical. It was, for him, during this
period of early childhood that the Ego is called upon to decide
between the demands of the Id and those of external reality. The
stable personality would be the personality which resolved the
conflict. Stability, in so far as it ever could be attained, would
lie in the resolution by the Ego of the conflicts within the mental
structure.
3. In 1969 the Apollo 11 capsule splashed down in the Pacific
Ocean at the end of one of the most spectacular missions of ex
ploration ever undertaken by man. Three American astronauts
had just returned from the moon. Their real life adventures ri
val those of fictional heroes from the age of the comic strip.
Two of them, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, had secured
a place in history by becoming the first men to set foot on the
dusty surface of the moon. Ten years before no one had reached
more than 40 kilometers above the surface of the earth. The ex
ploits of the spacemen who conquered the 380,000 kilometers
between us and the moon match those of the greatest explorers
of the past.
4. In any science a good general theory is the handiest tool possi
ble. Not only does it link many seemingly random facts into one
coherent framework, but it also acts as a powerful aid to predic
tion. Making predictions has become one of the leading growth
industries of the twentieth century. For instance, if you wanted
to find out whether there is a planet beyond the known series, you
could ask several hundred astronomers to keep their eyes open at
night. But it would be more fruitful to turn to gravitational the
ory, which predicts that if there was a further planet out there
it would cause detectable move-ments in the orbit of some other
known planets. Indeed that is exactly how Leverrier predicted in
1846 that a planet would be discovered: Uranus.26 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
5. The princes owed their power and wealth to a monopoly of new
implements of war-long rapiers of costly bronze, huge shields and
light horse-drawn war-chariots. The social implications of this
armament are disclosed by Homer’s epic poems. Whether it was
Homer who actually wrote the “ Iliad” and the “Odyssey” , how
ever, is a matter of some dispute. Battles resolved themselves into
single combats between richly-armed champions who arrived in
chariots. These decided the issue; the infantry were mere specta
tors. In fact, only the few could afford the long blades of bronze
and the chariots, so that the masses were militarily worthless.
6. The very existence of the market sometimes endangered whole
cities. The food stores of the great merchants, the waste material
of the slaughterhouses, and the refuse flung aside by everyone
all these were a haven for the omnivorous black rat. When, in the
crowded conditions of the market place a diseased rat paused to
scratch itself, displaced fleas might find some new home on some
passing human. By the thirteenth century rats, those deadly carri
ers of pestilence, infested most of the new towns of Europe. A bite
from an infected flea could bring plague or typhus, and a killer
epidemic could easily result. When this happened, people died by
scores, sometimes by hundreds, occasionally by thousands.
Answer:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.Reading. Headings + Paragraphs 27
HEADINGS + PARAGRAPHS
Text 1
Read the article and choose the best answer A, B, C or D to answer ques
tions 1-4.
1. Ann White doesn’t look like a teenager who’s been to hell and back,
but the 17-year-old has just spent three months in a dark and dirty
nineteenth-century house with the rest of her family. For all this
time, Ann didn’t have a hairdryer, CDs or her own clothes. She
was forced to wear shapeless dresses and was sent to bed at 8 p.m.
every night. Ann wasn’ t being punished, and she hadn’t commit
ted a crime. In fact she and her family were taking part in a tel
evision documentary called 1900 House. The documentary was an
experiment to see how much everyday life has improved over the
last 100 years. For three months, the Whites agreed to turn back
the clock and only use household appliances, cook food and wear
clothes that were available in 1900. A film crew visited regularly
to record how the family coped with their change of lifestyle.
2. So what was life like in 1900? “ It wasn’ t too difficult to be a child
then” , says Ann. “My 12-year-old twin sisters and 9-year-old
brother had a great time — they just kept on being children. But
it was more difficult for me. Girls didn’ t stay at home if they were
old enough to find a job as a maid. If they did live at home, they
were trying to find someone to marry” . Ann spent some of her
time helping her mother with the household chores, but most of
the time she was bored. “ In Victorian life I felt left out” , she ex
plains. “There just wasn’t enough for teenagers to do. Seventeen-
year-old Victorian girls had a really tedious time” .
3. Then there were the clothes. Ann had to tie her hair back, wear
no make-up and only had three outfits. “All I could put on was
a blouse that hadn’t been washed in two months and a long skirt” ,
she says. “You couldn’ t go through your wardrobe and think, I’ ll
wear this or that today” . But most of all she wanted her hair gel,
shampoo and make-up. “ I feel stupid that those things were im
portant, but I was used to using them everyday” . She also felt
permanently dirty. The house was covered in a layer of coal dust
from the coal fire, and they were only allowed one bath every oth
er day. “ If you had a bath at night you’d wake up in the morning
with dust on your skin. It was awful” , she said.28 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
4. Fortunately, Ann has a strong character, so she didn’ t give up.
But did the experience change her? “When I look back, I think it
made the family closer” , she says. “We communicate better now
because we couldn’t run away from problems; we had to deal with
them. And after the experience, my parents said how much more
grown-up I had become. I think we all matured” .
From The Independent on Sunday
1. What did Ann White do?
A She acted in a 19th century play.
B She lived with a family which is not her own.
C She took take part in a social experiment.
D She modelled clothes for a TV drama documentary.
2. What does Ann say about life in 1900?
A Children hadn’t a hard time.
B Girls usually found work outside the home.
C Married children usually lived with their parents.
D It was the best time in Ann’s life.
3. What did Ann miss most?
A Her morden clothes.
B Having cold baths.
C Her hair gel, shampoo and make-up.
D Living in a clean house.
4. What effect did living in the 1900 house have on Ann and her
family?
A Ann has become more difficult to live with.
B The family appreciate living in the modern world more than be
fore.
C The family have more problems now than they did before.
D Ann has become a little older and wiser.
Answer:
Text 2
Read the article and match headings A-H to paragraphs 1-7. There is one
heading you don't need.
1. Many large companies are thinking about the future. In particu
lar they’re thinking about how you are going to live. They areReading. Headings + Paragraphs 29
designing a home for the future that is both simple and conve
nient. This home is called the “smart’ house as it responds to your
individual needs. Any questions? Let’s see if the smart house has
got the answers.
2. You will have an automated wardrobe, just key in the weather and
the type of clothes you want to wear to the built-in computer, and
it will suggest an outfit for you. It will even clean your clothes
with a steam cleaner.
3. You will have an automated kitchen. All your appliances will be
intelligent. A camera in the fridge will send a list of ingredients
to the cooker’s computer, which will suggest a recipe for you to
cook. The smart fridge will even write a shopping list and order
your food for you. Your work surface will connect with your ap
pliances so they won’t need cords to work. And you won’ t be able
to burn yourself on the cooker as it will only heat up the area
which is covered with pans.
4. The lounge will be the centre of the smart home, as it is today, but
it will also be automated. It will have a big glass table in the mid
dle. The table is in fact an e-table, a powerful central computer
programmed for each family member’s tastes and moods. It will
know what music you like, what TV programmes you watch and
even what pictures you want to see on the walls.
5. The house will have a robot that knows each family member indi
vidually. It will greet you at the door and will know if there are
intruders in the house. It will help you to plan your schedule or
communicate with other members of the family, and it will also
find and print out information for you.
6. The bathroom mirror will monitor your health and skin condition,
telling the taps to dispense the right kind of water for your skin.
Your toilet will analyse your urine and email your doctor if the
results are worrying, and the air conditioner will kill the flu bug
and other viruses.
7. The building’s computer will monitor the house’s solar batteries
and tell you how much power you are consuming. The air condi
tioning system will recycle waste energy to cool or warm the air,
and water will be supplied from recycled rain water. Of course, at
the end of the day, you can still do something traditional. You can
switch off the TV and turn out the lights.A How will I be able to relax?
В What effect will it have on the environment?
C What type of houses are companies designing for the future?
D What am I going to put on?
E How am I going to feed myself?
F How much will a new house cost?
G What happens if I’m not well?
H How will I organise myself?
ЗО Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Text 3
Read the text and choose the most suitable heading from the list A-E for each
part of the article. There is one extra heading which you don't need to use.
1 ...
You don’t see many birds in winter. Most have left your area.
Those that stay are not as active. Activity uses energy that is needed
to keep warm.
The worst problems for birds in winter are getting enough heat
and holding on to the heat once it is made. These are problems for all
birds. But it is especially true for very small ones. They cannot find
enough food. The weather stays so cold for so long that they cannot eat
enough to keep alive. But birds have many ways of fighting the cold.
2 ...
You shiver to keep warm. The heat that you make is made mostly
in your muscles. The muscles make more heat when they are active.
So one way of keeping warm is to move about, use your muscles.
Another way is to shiver. When your body needs heat, the muscles
tighten and loosen quickly. They become active. Just as you shiver to
keep warm, so do birds.
3 ...
When it’s cold, temperatures go down and down. When it’s 10°
below zero and the wind is blowing 30 miles an hour, the tempera
ture feels like 63° below zero. The wind makes air seem even colder.
Yet birds survive. They keep alive by eating, and by shivering. They
shiver without stopping. They just perch and shiver. They make as
much heat as possible. They stay still so they use as little as possible.Reading. Headings + Paragraphs 31
Shivering helps a bird to make four or five times more heat than
it would make if it were not shivering. The only times birds leave
a perch is to look for more food. Shivering is only one way that birds
keep alive during very cold weather.
4 ...
Another way that birds reduce the amount of heat they need is by
lowering their body temperature. You and I are not able to do this.
Humans need to keep their body temperature at 98.6°, or very close
to it. When a bird is active, its body temperature is 104°, higher than
your temperature. But when a bird rests or sleeps its body temperature
drops. The bird can survive even when its temperature has dropped
some 20 degrees, to about 84°. Birds can store up only a small amount
of food. Their bodies aren’t large enough to hold much. So one way
of stretching the amount of food is to lower the body temperature.
Lower temperatures mean that food is used more slowly. Birds can
“ turn up the thermostat” in the morning. In a few minutes their body
temperature is once more at 104°. Then the bird becomes active.
A Changing temperatures.
B The reaction of human’s body on cold.
C The process of warming.
D The worst problem for birds.
E The change of the beating.
Answer:
Text 4
Read the following short texts, then match the headings to the texts.
1 ...
Check out the Planet Earth Club which is the place to be seen
these days. Actors, musicians and agents have found the deal meet
ing place. Taking photographs is not allowed so don’ t even think of
taking a camera to prove to your friends that you were in this exclu
sive club.
2 ...
Among the latest best-selling novels, the one that’s causing the
biggest storm is Jackie Dickens’ “Fashionable Scandals” . The book has32 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
been in the top ten bestsellers for more tnan a month now. Jackie’s
publisher couldn’ t have been more peased with her work. The novel
reveals the scandals and drama backstage in today’s fashion shows.
3 ...
Staying in an Alpine village is the ultimate in glamorous holidays.
Every winter they’re considered the place to be. Trendily-dressed ski
ers frequent the smart cafes where they exchange advice on skiing
techniques whilst sipping their brandies.
4 ...
We can see a return to the brightly coloured furnishings of the six
ties. So decorate your house in the style that has always been associ
ated with “Le Corbysier” . This will undoubtedly win your friends’
and associates’ admiration. More and more interior decorators are
advising their clients to adopt this unforgettable style.
5 ...
These totally wicked sounds have created a huge commotion on
dance floors around the country. Ravers join together to enjoy the
hypnotic and mesmerizing beat. It is definitely catching on all over
Europe.
6 ...
V.I.P.s usually expect luxurious treatment. Aromatherapy is re
ally gaining ground along with the use of healing crystals among fa
mous people, such as Vanessa Balladur and Cindy Baldwin. The guru
of acupuncture, James Canova, can barely cope with the demand for
appointments from the rich and famous who are keen to experience
the benefits of his treatment.
A The book on everybody’s reading list
B The latest music craze
C Fashionable eating places
D On holiday with the rich and famous
E Interior trends
F Trendy treatment
1 2 3 4 5 6Reading. Headings + Paragraphs 33
Text 5
Read the following article and choose a suitable heading from the list to
match each paragraph.
1. The study of weather is called meteorology. Meteorologists look
at the atmosphere and measure the temperature, pressure and hu
midity, and find out in what forrp the rain is going to fall.
2. Meteorologists learn that certain cloud formations are typical of
certain types of weather. The direction and strength of winds is
measured accurately with special equipment. Weather forecasters
work out which way the weather will move and when by determin
ing the direction of the wind.
3. Scientists have positioned permanent weather stations in the Arc
tic and in the North Atlantic Ocean to help forecast the weather.
At least 3,200 ships help the prediction of the weather by repor
ting regularly on their local weather conditions.
4. Knowing what the weather is all over the globe helps forecast
ers predict long-term weather conditions. Weather satellites are
sent into space to broadcast pictures of the Earth’s cloud cover.
From space, entire weather formations can be seen easily. More
importantly the satellites are also able to show the positions of
hurricanes and cyclones. We can therefore be giving warning to
prepare for coming storms.
5. It is vital for some professions to know what the weather will be
both long and short term. For instance, people who spend months
at sea need to be prepared for adverse weather conditions sc they
can change their route accordingly. Farmer whose livelihood de
pends on making the most cr their land need to know both what
to plant anc when to harvest and this is directly linked to weather
conditions.
A The importance of weather forecasts.
B Meteorology and meteorologists.
C Weather satellites.
D Wind and clouds.
E Weather stations.
Answer:34 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
GAPS
Text 1
Read the text. Seven sentences were moved from it. Choose from the sen
tences A -i the one which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence you don't
need to use.
Daedalus was an ingenious artist and was not discouraged. “Mi
nos may control the land and the sea” , he said, “but he does not con
trol the air. I will try that way” .
He called his son Icarus to him and told the boy to gather up all
the feathers he could find on the rocky shore. As thousands of gulls
soared over the island, Icarus soon collected a huge pile of feathers.
(1)... The smallest feathers he pressed into the soft wax and the large
ones he tied on with thread. Icarus played about on the beach happily
while his father worked, chasing the feathers that blew away in the
strong wind that swept the island and sometimes taking bits of the
wax and working them into strange shapes with his fingers.
It was fun making the wings. The sun shone on the bright feath
ers, the breezes ruffled them. (2) ... Filled with excitement, he made
another pair for his son. They were smaller than his own, but strong
and beautiful.
Finally, one clear, wind-swept morning, the wings were finished
and Daedalus fastened them to Icarus’s shoulders and taught him
how to fly.
(3)... He pointed out the slow graceful sweep of their wings as they
beat the air steadily, without fluttering. Soon Icarus was sure that he,
too, could fly. Raising his arms up and down, he skirted over the white
sand and even out over the waves, letting his feet touch the snowy foam
as the water thundered and broke over the sharp rocks. (4)... He called
Icarus to his side, and putting his arm round the boy’s shoulders, said,
“ Icarus, my son, we are about to make our flight. No human being has
ever traveled through the air before, and I want you to listen carefully
to my instructions. Keep at a moderate height, for if you fly too low the
fog and the spray will clog your wings, and if you fly too high the heat
will melt the wax that holds them together. (5) ... .
He fastened the wings more securely to his son’s shoulders. Ica
rus, standing in the bright sun, the shining wings drooping grace
fully from his shoulders, his golden hair wet with spray and his eyes
bright and dark with excitement, looked like a lovely bird.Reading. Gaps 35
(6)... From time to time, he looked back to see that the boy was safe
and to note how he managed his wings in his flight. (7) ... Plowmen
below stopped their work and shepherds gazed upward in wonder.
A When they were finished Daedalus fastened them to his shoul
ders and found himself lifted upwards where he hung poised in
the air.
B Daedalus then melted some wax and made a skeleton in the shape
of a bird’s wing.
C Keep near me and you will be safe.
D Daedalus’s eyes filled with tears and turning away he soared into
the sky, calling to Icarus to follow.
E He told him to watch the movements of the birds, how they soared
and glided overhead.
F Daedalus watched him proudly but with misgivings.
G It was fun creating a new device.
H They flew across the land to lest their skill before setting out
across the wild, dark sea.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Text 2
Read the text. Choose from the words A -l the one which fits each gap. There
are two extra words you don't need to use.
The English are said to be obsessed by the weather, and with the
unpredictable weather that they have to face daily that is not sur
prising. And, of course, one’s moods are bound to be affected by nis
constant change.
One might feel (1) ... for days if the sky is overcast, and the sun
fails to break through the clouds. In just the same way, rain can put
you in a (2) ... . Although the winter is not normally very cold, it is
the damp that makes you (3) ... .
However, when the sun shines your mood lifts. A rainbow after
a storm can make you feel extremely (4) ... . A spring breeze can be
(5)..., and a sunny day can make you feel (6)... . “There’s nothing like
an English summer to (7) ... . With clear blue skies and cotton wool
clouds you can feel on top of the world.36 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
A on top of the world
C normally
E lively
G bad mood
I refreshing
B depressed
D optimistic
F moody
H cheer you up
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Text 3
Read the text Choose from the words A-H the one which fits each gap. There
is one extra word you don't need to use.
As a tourist the fastest and perhaps the most comfortable way to
travel long distances is (1) ... . You can sit back and relax, read, or
even watch a video. Of course you have to pay more money and run
the risk of being delayed. Some people refuse to fly for fear of (2)... .
However, according to statistics it’s a safe way to travel.
Travelling by ship is often the cheapest form of travel. Unlike
other means of transport you have the chance to move around on or
below deck. Large ships often have shops, T.V. lounges and restau
rants so there’s plenty to do. However, a sea (3) ... is the slowest way
to get to your destination and should be avoided if you suffer from
sea (4) ... .
Perhaps the most convenient way to travel is (5) ... , simply be
cause you decide when and where to stop. You have the freedom to
organise your own timetable so there’s no danger of missing appoint
ments. However you may need somebody else to help share the driv
ing, a good map reader and petrol money. There is also the possibility
that the car will break down or you will feel travel sick.
A train (6) ... is often the best way to see a country. You can sit
back and enjoy the view or have a meal in the restaurant car. For
long journeys you can reserve a bed in a (7) ... . However, you may be
delayed, or miss your connection. It’s also not the fastest or cheapest
way to travel.
A voyage B by air
C by car D accidents
E journey F sickness
G sleeping compartment H travelReading. Gaps 37
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Text 4
Read the text. Choose from the words A -l the one which fits each gap. There
is one extra word you don't need to use.
Let’s make a short history of youth street fashion.
In the early 1960’s (1)... was born. Full employment made it both
possible and fashionable for young people to look very smart. Many
(2) ... had short neat (3) ... and bought expensive tailor-made suits.
They were known as mods. However, fashion changed very quick
ly and by the late 1960’s the (4) ... were appearing. They had long
hair and wore loose,(5) ... clothing. They believed in peace and love.
Youth fashion changed again in the mid 1970’s. Many youngsters
began listening to extremely loud, violent music. Punk had arrived
Spiky hairstyles in wild colours, scruffy T-shirts and leather trou
sers became trendy. Things changed once again in the early 1980’s
Sporty designer labels and expensive trainers became popular. Hair
styles returned to being short and neat. The casual look was (6) ...
By the early 1990’s fashion was again repeating itself. The (7) ..
was taking over. The followers of fashion were growing their hair,
buying loose, untidy clothes and looking remarkably similar to the
hippies.
A youngsters
C first hippies
E youth street fashion
H haircuts
B punk
D grunge look
F brightly-coloured
I fashionable
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Text 5
Read the text. Choose from the words A-H the one which fits each gap. There
is one extra word you don't need to use.
Different types of powerful weather systems affect different
parts of the world. A whirlwind is a tall column of air that spins38 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
very rapidly. The air circulates nside the column at a terrific (1)... —
about 600 km/h and the whole column moves at 60-70 km/h. A se
vere whirlwind is called a tornado. This (2) ... wind can destroy eve
rything in its path and usually (3) ... on the plains of North America.
Hurricanes or typhoons are vioent (4) ... which normaly occur in the
Caribbean, China Seas and western parts of the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans. They consist of ferocious winds and torrential rain and cause
(5) ... damage to homes and property.
A drought can occur when there is a long period of time with no
(6)... . Harvests can fail and people can face (7)... Areas of The Third
World in Africa and Asia are most frequently affected by serious
droughts.
A storms
C speed
E rainfall
H extensive
Answer:
B starvation
D occurs
F fierce
I weather
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Text 6
Read the text. Choose from the words A-H the one which fits each gap. There
is one extra word you don't need to use.
They’re creepy. They’re (1) ... . They feast on flies and crickets.
Most people find them (2) ... and often go to war trying to keep them
out of their home and lives. However, there are people who find them
fascinating and even keep them as pets.
There are over 40,000 different (3) ... of spiders. Remember: spi
ders are not insects, although many people think they are. Ask your
friends, and if they say spiders are insects, give them a surprise.
Spiders are (4) ...! Insects have six legs, and arachnids have eight.
Arachnids also have a two-part body and two pinchers. They don’ t
have antennae, but instead have bristly hairs on their body and legs,
which are used to pick up signals and messages — spiders can taste
things with their feet!
Spiders live everywhere, from the tops of mountains to the bot
toms of caves, wherever there is food.Reading. Gaps 39
Most spiders catch their own food and most eat insects, woodlice
and centipedes. Larger spiders, such as tarantulas, can catch and kill
birds, lizards and snakes.
Only half of all spiders can spin webs, which they use to catch
prey. Other spiders have to hunt or lie waiting for their food. Spiders
don’ t get stuck in their webs because they have special claws on the
ends of their legs, which they use to move across the web without
touching the sticky areas. Some spiders build webs which can be up
to 1.5 metres in diameter!
Only a few spiders are harmful to humans. In Europe there are no
(5) ... spiders, but in Australia and in the USA, people learn to live
with some of the most dangerous spiders, including the black widow.
The world’s mosii poisonous spider is found in Brazil and is called
the Brazilian huntsman. There is an antidote for this spider, and the
number of people who die from their bites is very low.
So most of spiders are not (6)..., and you might seriously consider
having a spider for a (7) ... . They can be useful at home, for they kill
flies, they don’t need much space and they aren’ t too noisy.
A crawly
C poisonous
E arachnids
G disgusting
B pet
D species
F dangerous
H spider
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7LANGUAGE USE
PRESENT ACTION (Present Simple, Present Continuous)
Exercise 1
Choose the correct answer.
1.He should take ... a sport and then you would get more exercise.
A off B up C down
2. I’m trying to work! Could you please turn your music ... ?
A down B in C out
3. Just ask and I’m sure the other children will let you join ...
A out B up C in
4. The referee sent David ... for arguing with him.
A off B down C up
5. This is my favourite song! Turn it ... !
A off B out C up
6. A mobile phone rang, but the musician just carried ... playing.
A on B up C in
7. We can’t afford to eat ... very often.
A off B up C out
8. We’ve decided to become a vegetarian and give ... meat.
A up B off C out
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 2
Write one word in each gap.
1. We were waiting outside the stadium ... a long time before they
finally let us in.
2. I’ve got that concert ... DVD — it’s fantastic!
3 .1 ran all the way home and I was just ... time for my favourite
programme.
4. Everyone clapped when the singer came ... stage.Language Use. Past Action (Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous) 41
5. At the cinema, Mum sat on the right, Dad sat on the left and
I sat ... the middle.
6. Ed doesn’ t want to become a professional footballer. He just does
it ... fun.
Answer:
1.________________ 2. ____________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5. 6.
Exercise 3
Complete by changing the form of the word in capitals when this is ne
cessary.
1. What’s the name of that ... you were singing earlier? SING
2 .1 started to learn the piano, but I don’t think I’ve got much ... ta
lent, to be honest. MUSIC
3. My dad used to be really fit and was on his college ... team.
ATHLETE
4. When you were young, did you ever play in the street with other
local ... ? CHILD
5. Alan is studying to be an ... , but I don’ t think he’s enjoying it.
ACT
6. They have a wonderful ... of old toys at the museum in town.
COLLECT
7. My grandad loves to ... and we often go out on his boat. SAIL
8. You have to practise a lot if you want to work as a ... . MUSIC
Answer:
1.________________ 2. ____________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7. 8.
PAST ACTION (Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous)
Exercise 1
Choose the correct answer.
1. When you rang, I ... my bike.
A cleaned
C used to clean
B was cleaning
D clean42 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
2. At my last basketball club, we ... every Saturday for three hours.
A were training B training
C train D used to train
3 .1 really ... the meal we had at your house last Tuesday.
A was liking B liked
C like D am liking
4. We ... to the beach every day when we were on holiday.
B were going
D used to going
for the school sports day.
B used to practise
D are practising
A went
C go
5 .1 broke my leg when Tony and I
A practised
C were practising
6. Leon never ... about it, but he was once a world champion skier.
A talks B is talking
C was talking D talk
7 .1 ... like golf, but now I really like it.
A don’t use to B don’t used to
C didn’ t used to D didn’ t use to
8. Denise ... at the stadium until she finds a better job.
A works B is working
C used to work D was working
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 2
Match the two halves of the sentences.
1 .1 waited outside the A fun, and I don’t want to do it as a job
tennis club for
2. When you rang, I was B stage, with all the audience clapping
in
3. We finally got to the C time to see the match start
stadium just in
4 .1 just play football for D a long time, but George didn’t appear
5 .1 loved that film and E on DVD, I’ ll definitely get it
when it comes out
6 It’s great to appear on F the middle of cleaning my football
bootsLanguage Use. Past Action (Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous) 43
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise 3
Complete using the correct Present Perfect Simple form of the verbs in brackets.
1 .1 ... (see) this film already.
2. John and Nina ... (had) their car for about a year.
3. She ... (not/ take) her driving test yet.
4. Sue ... (be) a tour guide since she left university.
5. (you / ride) into town on your new car yet?
6. This new computer ... (make) my life a lot easier.
7. We ... (not/decide) what to getLena for her birthday yet.
8. ... (Paul / ever / meet) a famous person?
Answer:
1 .________________ 2. ____________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7. 8.
Exercise 4
Choose the correct answer.
1. ... never played this game before.
A I’ve B I
2. Max ... his room last night.
A has tidied B tidied
3. ... here since 2011?
A Have you lived B Did you live
4. Bill and I ... to the cinema three nights ago.
A have been B went
5. It’s the first time ... our flat, isn’ t it?
A you’ve visited B you visited
6. They ... the baby a name yet.
A haven’ t given B didn’ t give
7. ... to New York when you went to the States last summer?
A Have you been B Did you go
8. ... an e-mail before?
A Have you ever sent B Did you ever send44 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 5
Circle the correct word or phrase.
1 .1 think I’ve heard/been hearing that song before.
2. They haven’t arrived /been arriving yet, but they should be here
soon.
3. You’ve written /been writing that e-mail for over an hour. How
long is it going to take you?
4. Have you talked/been talking on the phone since eight o’clock?
5. Mary has already invited /been inviting Tom to dinner.
6. I’ve read /been reading an interview with Brad Pitt, but I haven’ t
finished it yet.
7. Have the boys played/been playing computer games since this
morning?
Answer:
1 ._________________________ 2. ________________________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7.
Exercise 6
Complete using the words in the box.
Already, ever, for, just, never, since, yet
1 .1 haven’t listened to their new CD ... Is it any good?
2. We’ve been waiting for you ... over an hour. Where have you
been?
3. Have you ... been to the UK before?
4. I’m afraid we’ve ... made plans for this weekend, so we won’t be
free.
5. Pedro has been having English lessons ... he was five years old.
6. It’s strange that you mention the film Crash. I’ve ... been reading
about it in the paper.
7. I’ve ... heard of a “sudoku’ . What is it?Language Use. Future Action (Present Continuous, will be, going to, Present Simple) 45
Answer:
1. _________________________ 2.
3 .________________________ 4.
5 .________________________ 6.
7.
FUTURE ACTION
(Present Continuous, will be, going to, Present Simple)
Exercise 1
Complete using will or shall and the verb in the box. You may have to use
some negative forms.
Be, come, find, have, lend, live, take, visit
1. This year more than a million tourists ... our local area.
2. I’m sure we ... your bag soon. Where did you last see it?
3. ... you ... me some money until Monday?
4. Everything on the menu looks delicious. I ... meat balls, please.
5. One day people ... on Moon in special buildings.
6. There ... any problem with delivering your parcel next week.
7 .1 ... you to the railway station, if you like.
8. ... we ... at 8 to help you get things ready for a party?
Answer:
1 ._________________________ 2. _______________________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7. 8.
Exercise 2
Complete using the correct form of be going to and the verbs in brackets. You
may have to use some negative forms.
1. When I grow up, I ... (play) guitar in a rock group!
2. My friends ... (start) going to the gym twice a week.
3. Ann ... (tell) her mum about what happened?
4.1 ... (look) on the Internet for information about boxing.
5. No, Rita ... (invite) everyone from class — just her close friends.
6. Carina ... (be) ready on time or not?46 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
7. Careful! You ... (break) something with that ball! Go outside!
8 .1 ... (lie down) for half an hour. Call me at eight o’clock.
Answer:
1. _________________________ 2. ____________________________
3 .________________________ 4. ___________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ___________________________
7. 8.
Exercise 3
Circle the correct word or phrase.
1. James says he is doing/will do the washing-up after dinner.
2. I’m a bit scared because I am seeing/ will see the dentist this af
ternoon.
3. What are you going to do / do you do this evening?
4. Shall you tell/Will you tell Seline I ’m sorry about yesterday?
5. My dad will grow/ is going to grow a beard, but my mum doesn’ t
like the idea.
6.1 have to revise tonight because we are having / will have an exam
tomorrow.
7 .1 am remembering/ will remember this day for the rest of my life!
8. Do you go /Are you going to the Carpatians next Christmas?
9. I’m sure you are passing / will pass your driving test. Don’t worry.
10. If you want me to, I will complain/am going to complain to the
manager about it.
Answer:
1 . 2. ____________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7 .________________________ 8. ______________________________
9. 10.
Exercise 4
Choose the correct answer.
1. “Have you made plans for the summer?” “Yes, ... to the United
Kingdom” .
A We’ ll go B We’re going C We go
2. “We’re moving house tomorrow” . “Really? ... you with the fur
niture” .
A I help B I’m helping C I’ ll helpLanguage Use. Future Action (Present Continuous, will be, going to, Present Simple) 47
3. “Do you need this paintbrush?” “Ah, yes ... it to me, please?”
A Do you pass B Will you pass C Are you passing
4. “What do you want to be when you grow up, Stevie?” “ ... a scien
tist. That’s what I want to do, anyway” .
A I be B I’m going to be C I’m being
5. “John is a better player than Martin, isn’t he?” “Oh, yes ... the
match tomorrow, I expect” .
A He’ ll win B He wins C He’s winning
6. “The weather has been terrible, hasn’ t it?” “Yes, I think ... again
later” .
A it’s going to rain B it’s raining C it rains
1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise 5
Read the conversation and say if the verb refers to the present or the future.
Mark: What are you reading, Claire?
C la ir e : Oh, it’s a guidebook to Brazil. (1) Ym going there next
month. (2) My sister and I are having a holiday there. (3) I’m really
looking forward to it. (4) We’re spending three weeks in Rio. (5) So
Fm finding out about all the things we can do there.
Answer:
Exercise 6
Put in the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
1 .1 don’t want a steak. I think I ... the chicken.
2. There’s a fireworks display tomorrow. Janet is ... to watch it.
3. We’re at that table in the corner ... you join us?
4. I’m seeing the boss this afternoon. But I must study this report
before I ... her.
5. There will be drinks at the reception, but there will ... be any
food.
6. The European heads of state are ... meet in Brussels on 3 October.
7. It’s a lovely day ... we go for a walk?48 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
8. My birthday ... on a Sunday next year.
9. My brother is engaged. He’s ... married in June.
10. You won’t be allowed to go to your seat after the play ... started.
11. Martin’s got his coat on. I think he’s ... to go out.
Answer:
1 .________________ 2. ____________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7 .________________________ 8. ______________________________
9 .________________________ 10. ______________________________
11.
Exercise 7
Look at the answers below and write the correct answer in each space.
C it’s being
1. PI. Let’s go to the carnival, shall we?
P2. Yes, good idea. I expect ... be fun.
A it’ ll be B it’s
2. PI. Could I have a word with you, please?
P2. Sorry, I’m in a big hurry. My train ... in fifteen minutes,
A is going to leave B leaves C will leave
3. PI. Have you decided about the course?
P2. Yes, I decided last weekend ... for a place,
A I apply B I am to apply C I’m going to apply
4. PI. I’ m trying to move this cupboard, but it’s very heavy.
P2. Well, ... you, then,
A I help B I’ ll help C I’m going to help
5. PI. Is the shop open yet?
P2. No, but there’s someone inside. I think
A it opens B it’s about to open C it will open
6. PI. Do you mind not leaving your papers all over the table?
P2. Oh, sorry. I’ ll take them all with me when
A I go B I’ ll go C I’m going
7. PI. It’s a public holiday next Monday.
P2. Yes, I know anything special?
A Are you doing B Do you do C Will you do
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Language Use. Prepositions of Time and Place 49
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AND PLACE
Exercise 1
If the word in italic in each sentence is correct, put T. If it is wrong put F and
write the correct word.
1. We first visited China on 2006.
2. My birthday is at the second of July.
3. Let’s meet on five o’clock, shall we?
4. School starts again in September.
5. There’s a party at Emily’s at Saturday.
6. What do you want to do on the morning?
7. Let’s go and see Grandma on Easter.
8. Where do you usually go in Christmas Day?
Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 2
Complete using on, in or at.
1. There are lots of people ... the restaurant.
2. The people who live ... number 54 are away on holiday.
3. You should go to the Louvre when you’re ... Paris.
4. Gorillas live ... forests in Africa and eat fruit.
5. What does that sign ... the wall say?
6. What did Andrew say ... his letter?
7. Have you heard of the strange statues ... Easter Island?
8. Do you really want to spend the whole day ... the beach?
Answer:
1. _________________________ 2. ________________________
3 .________________________ 4. _______________________
5 .________________________ 6. _______________________
7. 8.
Exercise 3
Complete using the words in the box.
At, in, on, to
1. My aunt and uncle have decided to move ... New Zealand.50 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
2. Do you want to go ... the theatre tomorrow?
3. We stayed ... a great hotel in Dubai.
4. Wait ... the end of the street and I’ ll come and meet you.
5. You can come ... my house for dinner, if you like.
6. Connor was walking ... the corner shop when he realised he’d lost
his wallet.
7. We drove all night and finally arrived ... Lisbon at eight o’clock.
8. Did you leave your book ... the teacher’s desk, so she can see it?
9. Look at those sheep ... that field over there.
10. It takes about six hours to fly ... Asia from here.
Answer:
1 .________________ 2. ____________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7 .________________________ 8. ______________________________
9. 10.
Exercise 4
Circle the correct word.
1. I’m meeting Andy at/ on the cinema in an hour.
2. Have you seen the new building at / in front of the school?
3. My new job starts in/ on the first day of August.
4. We’re going to Martin’s to see their new baby in/on Wednesday
evening.
5. See if there are any tomatoes at / in the fridge, will you?
6. We’ ll all have computers connected to our brains at /in the fu
ture.
7 .1 don’t feel like playing chess at/on the moment.
8 .1 think there’s someone at/in the door. I’ ll go and check.
Answer:
1 .__________________ 2. ______________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7. 8.Language Use. Prepositions of Time and Place 51
Exercise 5
Write one word in each gap.
When you travel (1) ... the other side of the world, jetlag is a real
problem. You find yourself awake (2) ... the middle of the night and
you feel like going to bed (3) ... the morning, just when everyone
around you is getting up.
Jetlag happens when you go (4) ... a country where the time is
very different.
For example, you might leave London (5) ... midday and fly (6) ...
Los Angeles. The flight takes about eleven hours, so when you ar
rive (7) ... Los Angeles airport, your body thinks you’re there (8) ...
11 pm. But Los Angeles iseight hours behind London, so you actu
ally get there (9) ... 3 pm local time. So, (10) ... midnight Los Angeles
time, your body (which still thinks it’s (11) ... London says it’s 8 am.
It takes a few days for your body clock to change.
Answer:
1 . 2. ______________________________
3 .________________________ 4. ______________________________
5 .________________________ 6. ______________________________
7 .________________________ 8. ______________________________
9. 10.
11.KEYS (КЛЮЧІ)
READING
True / False Tasks
Text 7
True — D, I, N. False — А, В, C, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M.
Text 2
True — A, H. False — B, C, D, E, F, G.
Text 3
True — 3, 4. False — 1, 2, 5.
Text 4
True — 4, 6, 9. False — 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8.
Multiple Choice
Text 7
1 B; 2 D; 3 A; 4 A; 5 C; 6 C; 7 B; 8 A; 9 D; 10 D; 11 C; 12 B; 13 A;
14 C.
Text 2
1 D; 2 C; З C; 4 D; 5 В; 6 C; 7 D.
Text 3
1 B; 2 C; З B; 4 C; 5 A.
Text 4
1 B; 2 C; З B; 4 C; 5 A.
Text 5
1 C; 2 A; 3 A; 4 B; 5 D; 6 C; 7 B.
Text 6
1 B; 2 C; 3 D; 4 A; 5 D; 6 B; 7 C; 8 A.
Text 7
1 A; 2 В; З B; 4 D; 5 A; 6 A.Keys (ключі) 53
Text 8
1 C; 2 C; 3 B; 4 D; 5 C; 6 C.
Text 9
1. Subsequently under pressure from the dragons much of the
southern tip of the South Island was deserted.
2. Most people conceive of this period in their lives as, in many re
spects, the least troublesome and problematical.
3. Their real life adventures rival those of fictional heroes from the
age of the comic strip.
4. Making predictions has become one of the leading growth indus
tries of the twentieth century.
5. Whether it was Homer who actually wrote the “ Iliad” and the
“Odyssey” , however, is a matter of some dispute.
6. By the thirteenth century rats, those deadly carriers of pestilence,
infested most of the new towns of Europe.
Headings + Paragraphs
Text 7
1 C; 2 B; 3 C; 4 D.
Text 2
1 C; 2 D; 3 E; 4 A; 5 H; 6 G; 7 B. Heading F is not needed.
Text 3
1 D; 2 B; 3 C; 4 A. Heading E is not needed.
Text 4
1 C; 2 A; 3 D; 4 E; 5 B; 6 F.
Text 5
1 B; 2 D; 3 E; 4 C; 5 B.
Gaps
Text 1
1 B; 2 A; 3 E; 4 D; 5 C; 6 F; 7 H.
Text 2
1 B; 2 G; 3 F; 4 D; 5 I; 6 E; 7 H; 8 A; 9 C.
Text3
1. B; 2 D; 3 A; 4 F; 5 C; 6 E; 7 G.54 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Text 4
1 E; 2A; 3 H; 4 C; 5 F; 6 I; 7 D.
Text 5
1 C; 2 F; 3 D; 4 A; 5 H; 6 E; 7 B.
Text 6
1 A; 2 G; 3 D; 4 E; 5 C; 6 F; 7 B.
LANGUAGE USE
Present Action (Present Simple, Present Continuous)
Exercise 7
1 B; 2 A; 3 C; 4 A; 5 A; 6 A; 7 C; 8 A.
Exercise 2
1 for; 2 on; 3 in; 4 in the middle of; 5 in; 6 for.
Exercise 3
1 singer; 2 musical; 3 athletic; 4 children; 5 actor; 6 collection;
7 sailing; 8 musician.
Past Action (Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous)
Exercise 7
1 B; 2 A; 3 B; 4 A; 5 C; 6 A; 7 D; 8 C.
Exercise 2
1 D; 2 F; 3 C; 4 A; 5 E; 6 B.
Exercise 3
1 have seen; 2 have had; 3 hasn’t taken; 4 has been; 5 Have you
ridden; 6 has made; 7 haven’t decided; 8 Has Paul ever met.
Exercise 4
1 A; 2 B; 3 A; 4 B; 5 A; 6 A; 7 B; 8 A.
Exercise 5
1 heard; 2 arrived; 3 been writing; 4 been talking; 5 invited;
6 beeb reading; 7 been playing.
Exercise 6
1 yet; 2 for; 3 ever; 4 already; 5 since; 6 just; 7 never.Keys (ключі) 55
Future Action
(Present Continuous, will be, going to, Present Simple)
Exercise 1
1 Will visit; 2 Shall find; 3 Will you lend; 4 Shall take; 5 Will
live; 6 Won’t be; 7 Shall take; 8 Shall... come.
Exercise 3
1 Is going; 2 I am seeing; 3 Are you going to do; 4 Will you tell;
5 Is going to grow; 6 Will have; 7 Will remember; 8 Are you going;
9 Will pass; 10 Will complain.
Exercise 4
1 B; 2 C; 3 B; 4 B; 5 A; 6 A.
Exercise 5
1 F; 2 F; 3 P; 4 F; 5 P.
1 ’11 have; 2 Is going to; 3 Will; 4 See; 5 Not; 6 Going to; 7 Shall;
8 Will be; 9 Going to be; 10 Will be; 11 Going.
Prepositions of Time and Place
Exercise 1
1 F (in); 2 F (on); 3 F (at); 4 T; 5 F (on); 6 F (in); 7 F (at); 8 F (on).
Exercise 2
1 In; 2 At; 3 In; 4 In; 5 On; 6 In; 7 On; 8 On.
Exercise 3
1 To; 2 To; 3 A t /in ; 4 At; 5 To; 6 To; 7 In; 8 On; 9 In; 10 To.
Exercise 4
1 At; 2 In; 3 On; 4 On; 5 In; 6 In; 7 At; 8 At.
Exercise 5
1 To; 2 In; 3 In; 4 To; 5 At; 6 To; 7 At; 8 At; 9 At; 10 At; 11 In.
Exercise 2
1. Am going to play
3. Is... going to tell;
5. Isn’t going to invite;
7. Are going to break;
2. Are going to start
4. Am going to look;
6. Is... going to be;
8. Are going to lie down.
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
1 A; 2 В; З C; 4 B; 5 В; 6 A; 7CГРАМАТИЧНИЙ ДОВІДНИК
Умовні позначення:
S — subject (підмет);
Р — predicate (присудок);
О — object (додаток);
N — noun (іменник);
V — verb (дієслово);
Adj — adjective (прикметник);
Adv — adverb (прислівник);
Cj — conjunction (сполучник);
Inf — infinitive (неозначена форма дієслова);
Pron — pronoun (займенник);
Sing — singular (однина);
PI — plural (множина).
АРТИКЛЬ
Артикль Вживання Приклади
Неозначений
a (an)
Вперше йдеться про предмет.
У значенні числівника one
This is a book.
I take a pencil
Означений
the
Йдеться про вже відомий пред
мет.
Є пояснення до предмета.
Коли зрозуміло з контексту,
який предмет мають на увазі
I bought the book yester
day.
The book is interesting.
Take the book which is on
the table.
Open the window, please
1. Перед назвами океанів,
морів, рік, заток, багато-
чисельних озер.
2. Перед назвами гірських
масивів.
3. Перед назвами Землі
та Місяця.
4. Якщо назва навчального за
кладу починається словами
school, college, university
The Pacific Ocean, the
Red Sea, the Nile, the
Persian Gulf, the Great
Lakes.
The Carpathian Moun
tains.
The earth, the moon
The college of art.Граматичний довідник. Іменник 57
Артикль Вживання Приклади
5. Якщо перед іменником сто
їть порядковий числівник.
6. Перед назвами війн (окрім
світових війн).
7. Перед назвами країн, які
складаються більш ніж з од
ного слова
The first chapter.
The Great Patriotic War.
The USA
Відсутній 1. Перед власними іменами,
назвами континентів, країн,
штатів та міст.
2. Перед іменниками, що
позначають речовини.
3. Перед назвами днів, місяців,
пори року.
4. Якщо перед іменниками сто
їть займенник чи числівник.
5. Перед назвами поодиноких
озер, гірських вершин, пла
нет, сузір’ їв.
6. Перед назвами видів спорту.
7. Перед назвами абстрактних
іменників.
8. Перед назвами шкільних
предметів.
9. Перед назвами свят
Ivanov, Moscow, Eng
land.
Snow, milk.
In October, in winter,
on Friday.
This student, some books,
five books, three lessons.
Lake Geneva, mount Eve
rest, Venus, Orion.
Football, baseball.
Freedom, peace.
Mathematics.
Christmass
ІМЕННИК
Утворення множини іменника
Іменники поділяються на злічувані (countable) та незлічувані
(uncountable).
Злічувані іменники вживають в однині (the singular) і множині
(the plural). Незлічувані іменники множини не мають.
На письмі більшість іменників мають у множині закінчення -s.
• a cat — cats
• a dog — dogs
• a car — cars58 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Закінчення -es додається, якщо:
1) іменник в однині закінчується на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x:
• a watch — watches
• a dress — dresses
• a dish — dishes
• a box — boxes
2) іменник в однині закінчується на -у з попередньою приголос
ною, тоді у змінюється на і:
• a city — cities
3) іменник в однині закінчується на -о з попередньою приго
лосною
• a potato — potatoes
4) іменник в однині закінчується на у множині -f змінюється
на -v:
• a leaf — leaves
але:
• a roof — roofs
• a chief — chiefs
• a safe — safes
Запам'ятай!
• a man — men
• a woman — women
• a child — children
• a tooth — teeth
• a goose — geese
• a foot — feet
• a mouse — mice
• an ox — oxen
• an Englishman — Englishmen
• a Frenchman — Frenchmen
• a German — Germans
• a sheep — sheep
• a deer — deer
• a swine — swine
• this is — these are
• that is — those are
• there is — there are
• it is — they areГраматичний довідник. Прийменники часу та місця 59
Присвійний відмінок іменників
Присвійний відмінок однини утворюється додаванням до імен
ника апострофа й закінчення -s.
• Jack’s pen.
• The boy’s bicycle.
Присвійний відмінок множини утворюється додаванням до
іменника апострофа.
• The boy’s bicycle. — The boys’ bicycles.
Якщо іменник утворює множину не за правилами, то при
свійний відмінок утворюється додаванням до іменника апострофа
й закінчення -s.
• The man’s bag. — The men’s bags.
ПРИЙМЕННИКИ ЧАСУ ТА МІСЦЯ
In
Time Place
Months
• Paris is wonderful in April
Towns and cities
• There’s a famous castle in Edinburgh
Years
• I first went to London in
2008
Countries and continents
• My brother is in Lviv
Seasons
• We often go skiing in winter
Areas and regions
• What’s life like in the desert?
Parts of the day
• My train leaves in the after
noon
Inside an object
• Your passport is in the bag
Inside a room
• I’ve left the tickets in the room!
Inside a building
• Artem has been in the travel agent’s
for an hour!
We also use in in the following phrases:
• in a minute / an hour
• in front of
• in the middle (of)
• in the future60 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Note: With verbs of motion (come, go, move, run, walk, etc), we
usually use to instead of in, on or at.
• Was it hot when you went to Kharkiv?
On
Time Place
• Days I got a new bike on
Sunday
• Islands Last year, we stayed on
Zmeiny
• Dates My birthday is on 14th
September
• Pages There are some interesting
facts on page 5
On top of an object
• Did you put your car keys on the
kitchen table
On a surface
• There is a picture on the wall
We also use on in the following phrases:
• on the beach
• on the left / right
• on my birthday
Note: we say in the morning /afternoon /evening, but on Monday
morning / Sunday evening.
We don’t use a preposition with tomorrow, yesterday, tomorrow
morning, yesterday evening.
At
Time Place
Clock times
• There is a train at ten o’clock
Exact places
• What’s it like at the South
Pole?
Holiday periods
• What is he doing on the 8th of
March?
Addresses
• My friend lives at 5 Pushkin
street
Buildings, when we are talking
about the activities that happen
there
• I think Anna is at the cinema,
watching the film
Activities
• Pete isn’t there. He is at the
partyГраматичний довідник. Прислівник 61
Багатозначність деяких прийменників
Приймен
ники Обставина місця Обставина часу Додаток
At на, при, в, за
• at the lesson —
на уроці
• at the table —
за столом
о
• at 3 o’clock —
0 3-й годині
By біля
• by the lake —
біля озера
• by the window —
біля вікна
ДО
• by the evening —
до вечора
по; орудний
відмінок
• by radio —
по радіо
• by plane —
літаком
For протягом
• for 5 minutes —
5 хвилин
для,за
• for me —
для мене
• for peace —
за мир
In в (у)
• in the plane —
у літаку
у(через)
• in May —
у травні;
• in 10 days —
через 10 днів
On на
• on the table —
на столі
у (по, після)
• on Saturday —
у суботу;
• on the 1st of
May — першого
травня
With з, зі; орудний
відмінок
• with me —
зі мною;
• with a pen —
ручкою
ПРИСЛІВНИК
Утворення прислівників
Іменник + -Іу Прикметник + -Іу Числівник + -Іу
Weekly highly firstly62 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Запам'ятай!
Буква у перед суфіксом -Іу змінюється на і:
• happy — happily
Деякі прислівники в англійській мові збігаються за формою
з прикметниками:
• fast — швидкий, швидко;
• early — ранній, рано;
• loud — голосний, голосно.
їх легко відрізнити від прикметників, тому що прислівник,
як правило, належить до дієслова, а прикметник — до іменника.
ПРИКМЕТНИК
Утворення прикметників
Іменник + суфікс
-аі
formal
-ful
useful
-ous
dangerous
-у
rainy
-less
useless — із заперечним
відтінком
-ic
magnetic
Дієслово + суфікс
-able, -ible -ant, -ent -ive
changeable different attractive
Префікс + прикметник
im- un
impossible unexpected
СТУПЕНІ ПОРІВНЯННЯ ПРИКМЕТНИКІВ І ПРИСЛІВНИКІВ
І спосіб
Порівняльний ступінь + -er, найвищий ступінь + -est
Односкладові
• big, high
Двоскладові, з наголосом
на другому складі
• polite
Двоскладові, які закін
чуються на -er, -ow, -у, -Іе
• easy, clever
• Big — big
ger — biggest
• High — high
er — highest
• Polite — politer —
politest
• Easy — easier — easi
est
• Clever — cleverer —
cleverestГраматичний довідник. Прикметник 63
II спосіб
more — the most
для багатоскладових та інших прикметників
beautiful — more beautiful — the most beautiful
Приклади утворення
Звичайний ступінь
Порівняльний
ступінь
Найвищий ступінь
big bigger the biggest
high higher the highest
polite politer the politest
easy easier the easiest
clever cleverer the cleverest
wonderful more wonderful the most wonderful
tired more tired the most tired
soon sooner the soonest
hardly more hardly the most hardly
Запам'ятай!
• good — better — the best
• bad — worse — the worst
• little — less — the least
• many (much) — more — the most
• far — farther — the farthest
• further — the furthest
• old — older — the oldest
• elder — the eldest
Порівняльні конструкції
1)the... the (чим... тим)
• The more the better. — Чим більше, тим краще.
2) as... as (такий самий... як)
• It is as cold today as it was yesterday. — Сьогодні так само хо
лодно, як і вчора.
3)not so... as (не такий... як)
• It is not so cold today as it was yesterday. — Сьогодні не так хо
лодно, як учора.64 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
4) than (ніж)
• He did more than she did. — Він зробив більше, ніж вона. (Він
зробив більше від (за) неї.)
ЧИСЛІВНИК
Утворення кількісних числівників
-teen — 13-19 (thirteen...)
-ty — 20-90 (twenty...)
Утворення порядкових числівників
-th
Виняток:
1 — the first
2 — the second
3 — the third
Запам'ятай!
• У числівників five and twelve букви ve змінюються на / — fifth,
twelfth;
• до числівника eight додається лише буква h — eighth;
• у числівнику nine пропускається буква е — ninth;
• у числівників, що позначають десятки, кінцева буква у зміню
ється на іе — twenty — twentieth, fifty — fiftieth.
Тризначні числівники утворюються за зразком:
356 — three hundred and fifty-six.
Кожні три розряди (справа наліво) відокремлюються комою:
2,437; 5,789,240.
Роки читають так:
1989 — nineteen eighty-nine
2005 — two thousand and five (twenty hundred and five)
Дати:
14 січня — the fourteenth of January
14-го січня — on the fourteenth of January
Дроби:
• якщо дроби звичайні, то чисельник читають як кількісний
числівник, а знаменник — як порядковий. Наприклад 3/ 4 —
three fourths;Граматичний довідник. Займенник 65
• дробові числівники 1/2 і V4 читають як a half та a quarter;
• якщо дроби десяткові, то цілу частку відокремлюють від дро
бової крапкою (point);
• кожну цифру як цілої, так і дробової частини десяткового дро
бу читають окремо. Нуль читають як zero: 35.204 — three five
point two zero four;
• якщо ціла частина дорівнює нулю, то число читають як point,
а потім кожну цифру окремо.
ЗАЙМЕННИК
Особові, присвійні, зворотні та посилювальні займенники
Особові Присвійні Зворотні
та посилю
вальні
(-ся, себе,
сам)
Називний
відмінок
(хто?)
Об’єктний
відмінок
(кого? кому?)
І форма
(чий?
чия?)
II форма
(абсолютна)
І (я) т е (мене, мені) т у (мій) mine (мій) myself
You (ти) you (тебе, тобі) your (твій) yours (твій) yourself
Не (він) him (його, йому) his (його) his (його) himself
She (вона) her (її, їй) her (її) hers (її) herself
It (воно) it (його, йому) its (його) its (його) itself
We (ми) us (нас, нам) our (наш) ours (наш) ourselves
You (ви) you (вас, вам) your (ваш) yours (ваш) yourselves
They (вони) them (їх, їм) their (їх) theirs (їх) themselves
Наприклад:
• I work in an office. My office is in the centre of the city.
• This office is mine. Call me to my office.
Зворотні та посилюючі займенники
Зворотні займенники вживають також як підсилювальні сло
ва, що відповідає українському сам. У цьому значенні зворотний
займенник стоїть у кінці речення або безпосередньо після підси
лювального слова:
• I have seen it myself. — Я бачив це сам.
• I myself did not want to sleep. — Я сам не хотів спати.66 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Якщо зворотний займенник уживають у множині, то частка
-self змінюється на -selves.
I myself
You yourselves
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
they themselves
Вказівні займенники
Однина Переклад Множина Переклад
This Це, цей These ЦІ
This man Цей чоловік These men Ці чоловіки
This is a desk Це — парта These are desks Це — парти
That То, той Those Ті
That man Той чоловік Those men Ті чоловіки
That is a desk То — парта Those are desks То — парти
Кількісні займенники
Займенники many, few вживають перед злічуваними іменника
ми у множині, а також замінюють їх. Many означає «багато хто»,
few — «мало хто».
• There were many students in the room. She has few books.
Займенники much, little уживають перед незлічуваними імен
никами, а також замінюють їх.
• There is much snow on the ground. I have very little time.
much
little a little
many
Багато Мало Небагато
a lot of
few a few plenty of
Неозначені й заперечні займенники та їхні похідні
Some — декілька, деякий
Стверджувальні речення
(+)
some
something — щось
somebody (one) — хтось
somewhere — десьГраматичний довідник. Вживання та переклад українською зворота “There + to be ” 67
Питальні речення
(?)
any
anything
anybody (one)
anywhere
not anything
not any not anybody (one)
Заперечні речення not anywhere
(- ) nothing
no nobody (one)
nowhere
ВЖИВАННЯ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАД УКРАЇНСЬКОЮ
ЗВОРОТА "THERE + ТО BE"
Форма Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple
Стверджу
вальна
There is a book on
the table.
There are books on
the table.
На столі книга
(книги)
There was a book
on the table.
There were books
on the table.
На столі була кни
га (книги)
There will be
a book (books)on
the table.
На столі буде кни
га (книги)
Питальна Is there a book on
the table?
Are there books on
the table?
Чи є книга (книги)
на столі?
Was there a book
on the table?
Were there books
on the table?
Чи була книга
(книги) на столі?
Will there be
a book (books)on
the table?
Чи буде книга
(книги) на столі?
Заперечна There is no book on
the table.
There are no books
on the table.
На столі немає
книги (книг).
There isn’t a book
on the table.
There aren’t any
books on the table
There was no book
on the table.
There were no
books on the table.
На столі не було
книги (книг).
There wasn’t
a book on the table.
There weren’t any
books on the table
There will be no
book (books) on the
table.
На столі не буде
книги (книг).
There won’t be
a book on the table.
There won’t be any
books on the table68 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
ДІЄСЛОВО
ЧАСОВІ ФОРМИ ДІЄСЛОВА ГРУПИ INDEFINITE
Simple (Indefinite)
Present Past Future
Vo
Vs (he, she, it)
Ved (II $) Will (Shall) + Vo
usually yesterday tomorrow
always some years ago in a day
often last year next year
seldom
sometimes
The Present Indefinite Tense
Випадки вживання Приклади
Загальновідомі факти та істини The sun rises in the east. — Сонце піді
ймається на сході
Повсякденні дії, що повторю
ються
I wake up at 7.00 every morning. —
Я прокидаюся кожного ранку о сьомій
В умовних реченнях після if —
якщо, in case — у випадку,
when — коли
I’ ll help you if I have time. — Я допо
можу тобі, якщо матиму час
Відмінювання дієслова to work (працювати) у Present Indefinite Tense
(дія, яка відбувається зазвичай)
I work
Не works
She works
It works
We work
You work
They work
I do not work
He does not work
She does not work
It does not work
We do not work
You do not work
They do not work
Do I work? Yes, I do No, I don’t
Does he work? Yes, he does No, he doesn’t
Does she work? Yes, she does No, she doesn’t
Does it work Yes, it does No, it doesn’t
Do we work? Yes, we do No, we don’t
Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don’t
Do they work Yes, they do No, they don’tГраматичний довідник. Дієслово 69
The Past Indefinite Tense
Випадки вживання Приклади
Дії, що відбувалися у минулому
або для вираження факту, що мав
місце в минулому (часто є показ
ники минулого часу: last year, last
month, in 1999, yesterday, etc.)
I was awarded a Bachelor’s degree
in 2000. — Я отримав диплом бака
лавра 2000 року
Відмінювання дієслова to work (працювати) у Past Indefinite Tense
Правильні дієслова (дія відбувалася в минулому)
I worked
Не worked
She worked
It worked
I did not work
He did not work
She did not work
It did not work
We worked We did not work,
You worked You did not work
They worked They did not work
Did I work? Yes, I did No, I didn’t
Did he work? Yes, he did No, he didn’t
Did she work? Yes, she did No, she didn’t
Did it work? Yes, it did No, it didn’t
Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didn’t
Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn’t
Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didn’t
Відмінювання дієслова to write (писати) у Past Indefinite Tense
Неправильні дієслова (дія відбувалася в минулому)
I wrote
He wrote
She wrote
It wrote
We wrote
You wrote
They wrote
I did not write
He did not write
She did not write
It did not write
We did not write
You did not write
They did not write
Did I write? Yes, I did No, I didn’t
Did he write? Yes, he did No, he didn’t
Did she write? Yes, she did No, she didn’t
Did it write? Yes, it did No, it didn’t
Did we write? Yes, we did No, we didn’t
Did you write? Yes, you did No, you didn’t
Did they write? Yes, they did No, they didn’t70 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
The Future Indefinite Tense
Випадки вживання Приклади
Дія відбудеться у майбутньому
(tomorrow, in а few days, next week,
one day, etc.)
One day I’ ll get married. — Колись
я стану одруженим
Відмінювання дієслова to work (працювати) у Future Indefinite Tense
(дія відбувається у майбутньому)
I shall work
He will work
She will work
It will work
We shall work
You will work
They will work
I shall not work
He will not work
She will not work
It will not work
We shall not work
You will not work
They will not work
Shall I work? Yes. I shall No, I shan’t
Will he work? Yes, he will No, he won’t
Will she work? Yes, she will No, she won’t
Will it work? Yes, it will No, it won’t
Shall we work? Yes, we shall No, we shan’t
Will you work? Yes, you will No, you won’t
Will they work? Yes, they will No, they won’t
Дієслово ТО BE
Функції та значення Приклади
1. Смислове дієслово зі значенням
«бути», «бути розташованим».
У реченні після нього йде імен
ник з прийменником або дієслово
Our institute is in the center of the
city. — Наш інститут розташова
ний у центрі міста
2. Дієслово-зв’язка (у поєднанні
з предикативом)
My friend is a designer. — Мій друг
конструктор
3. Допоміжне дієслово:
а) для формування часів групи
Continuous;
б) для формування пасивного
стану
Не is making an experiment. — Він
проводить експеримент.
This book was published last
year. — Ця книга вийшла друком
минулого року
4. Модальне дієслово у значенні
«повинен»: to be to
Не is to come at 7. — Він повинен
прийти 0 сьомійГраматичний довідник. Дієслово 71
Відмінювання дієслова to be (бути)
у Present Indefinite Tense
I am
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are
I am not
He is not
She is not
It is not
We are not
You are not
They are not
Am I? Yes, I am No, I am not
Is he? Yes, he is No, he isn’t
Is she? Yes, she is No, she isn’t
Is it? Yes, it is No, it isn’t
Are we? Yes, we are No, we aren’t
Are you? Yes, you are No, you aren’t
Are they? Yes, they are No, they aren’t
Відмінювання дієслова to be (бути)
у Past Indefinite Tense
I was
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
I was not
He was not
She was not
It was not
We were not
You were not
They were not
Was I? Yes, I was No, I wasn’t
Was he? Yes, he was No, he wasn’t
Was she? Yes, she was No, she wasn’t
Was it? Yes, it was No, it wasn’t
Were we? Yes, we were No,we weren’t
Were you? Yes, you were No, you weren’t
Were they? Yes, they were No, they weren’t
Відмінювання дієслова to be (бути)
у Future Indefinite Tense
I shall be I shall not be
He will be He will not be
She will be She will not be
It will be It will not be
We shall be We shall not be
You will be You will not be
They will be They will not be72 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Shall I be? Yes, I shall No, I shan’t
Will he be? Yes, he will No, he won’t
Will she be? Yes, she will No, she won’t
Will it be? Yes, it will No, it won’t
Shall we be? Yes, we shall No, we shan’t
Will you be? Yes, you will No, you won’t
Will they be? Yes, they will No, they won’t
Дієслово TO HAVE
Функції та значення Приклади
1. Як смислове дієслово в зна
ченні «щось мати», якщо після
нього стоїть прямий додаток
{кого? що?)
We have a new TV set in our hos
tel. — У нас у гуртожитку є новий
телевізор
2. Як допоміжне дієслово
для формування часів
групи Perfect
They have already passed their
examinations. — Вони вже склали
іспити
3. Як модальне дієслово в значен
ні «повинен»: to have to
Не has to go there twice a week. —
Він повинен приходити сюди два
рази на тиждень.
Не does not have to go there twice
a week. — Він не повинен приходи
ти сюди два рази на тиждень
Відмінювання дієслова to have
у Present Simple
I have
We have
I do not have
We do not have
You have You do not have
She has She does not have
He has He does not have
It has It does not have
They have They do not have
Do I have? — Yes, I have (No, I do not have)
Do we have? — Yes, we have (No, we do not
have)
Do you have? — Yes, you have (No, you do
not have)
Does she have? — Yes, she has (No, she
does not have)
Does he have? — Yes, he has (No, he does
not have)
Does it have? — Yes, it has (No, it does not
have)
Do they have? — Yes, they have (No, they
do not have)Граматичний довідник. Дієслово 73
Відмінювання дієслова to have в Past Simple
I had
We had
I did not have
We did not have
You had You did not have
She had She did not have
He had He did not have
It had It did not have
They had They did not have
Did I have? — Yes, I had (No, I did not have)
Did we have? — Yes, we had (No, we did
not have)
Did you have? — Yes, you had (No, you did
not have)
Did she have? — Yes, she had (No, she did
not have)
Did he have? — Yes, he had (No, he did not
have)
Did it have? — Yes, it had (No, it did not
have)
Did they have? — Yes, they had (No, they
did not have)
Відмінювання дієслова to have в Future Simple
I will have I will not have
We will have We will not have
You will have You will not have
She will have She will not have
He will have He will not have
It will have It will not have
They will have They will not
have
Will I have? — Yes, I will (No, I will
not)
Will we have? — Yes, we will (No, we
will not)
Will you have? — Yes, you will (No,
you will not)
Will she have? — Yes, she will (No,
she will not)
Will he have? — Yes, he will (No, he
will not)
Will it have? — Yes, it will (No, it will
not)
Will they have? — Yes, they will (No,
they will not)
ЧАСОВІ ФОРМИ ДІЄСЛОВА ГРУПИ CONTINUOUS
(ТРИВАЛИЙ ЧАС)
Тривалий час утворюється з допоміжного дієслова “ fo be” та
дієприкметника теперішнього часу (Participle І).
be + Participle I
Participle І утворюється з допомогою закінчення -ing, яке
додають до інфінітива дієслова без частки to. Наприклад:
• to study — studying
• to speak — speaking
• to take — taking74 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Запам'ятайте: якщо односкладові та багатоскладові дієслова
з наголосом на останьому складі закінчуються на одну приголосну,
якій передує короткий голосний звук, для збереження вимови
короткого звуку кінцева приголосна на письмі подвоюється.
Наприклад:
• to cut — cutting
• to permit — permitting
• to prefer — preferring
Continuous
Present Past Future
I am reading I was reading I will be reading
You -
They
We -
are reading
You -
They
We -
were reading
You -
They
We
TT will be reading
He
She
It
He -
She
It
is reading
He -
She
It
was reading
Правило 7. У заперечних реченнях заперечна частка not ста
виться після першого допоміжного дієслова.
• She is not reading now.
• They will not be playing tennis all afternoon.
Правило 2. У питальних реченнях перше допоміжне дієслово
ставиться перед підметом.
• Were they playing chess at five?
• What will Peter be doing in the evening?
Теперішній тривалий час (The Present Continuous Tense) позначає
дію, яка відбувається в момент розмови (now — зараз, at this mo
ment — у цей момент).
Наприклад:
• What are you doing now? — I am reading the text.
• Що ти робиш зараз? — Я читаю текст.
Минулий тривалий час позначає тривалу дію в минулому:
1)яка відбувалася в певний момент часу в минулому (at three
o’ clock — о третій годині; when he came — коли він прийшов).
Наприклад:
• I was writing a letter when he came. — Я писав листа, коли він
прийшов.Граматичний довідник. Дієслово 75
2) дію, яка відбувалася протягом певного відрізку часу в ми
нулому. Наприклад:
• It was raining all evening.— Йшов дощ протягом усього ве
чора.
Майбутній тривалий час позначає тривалу дію в майбутньому:
1) дію, яка відбувається в певний момент часу в майбутньому.
• They will be doing their homework all the evening tomorrow. —
Вони будуть виконувати домашнє завдання весь вечір.
2) дію, яка буде відбуватися протягом певного відрізка часу
в майбутньому:
• They will be preparing for their exam from eight to ten to
morrow.
Запам'ятайте!
Дієслова, які виражають почуття (to love — любити, to like, to
hate, to want, to need, to prefer, to seem), сприймання (to see — ба
чити, to feel — почувати), розумові процеси (to know — знати, to
understand — розуміти, to realize, to suppose, to mean, to believe,
to remember, to belong, to contain, to consist, to depend, to seem) не
вживаються в Continuous Tenses.
ЧАСОВІ ФОРМИ ДІЄСЛОВА ГРУПИ PERFECT
(ПЕРФЕКТНІ ЧАСИ)
Перфектні часи утворюються з допомогою допоміжного діє
слова have (had) та дієприкметника минулого часу (Participle II)
основного дієслова.
Have (had) + Participle II
За способом утворення дієприкметника минулого часу всі
дієслова поділяються на стандартні та нестандартні.
1. Стандартні дієслова утворюють Participle II з допомогою суфік
са -ed, який додається до основи дієслова:
• look — looked
• live — lived
2. Нестандартні дієслова — це третя колонка таблиці нестандарт
них дієслів.
• build — built — built
• give — gave — given76 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Perfect
Present Past Future
I have received a letter I had received a letter
I will have received
a letter
He has received a letter
1 had received
We
a letter
They -1
will have received
We
a letter
They -1 We have received a letter
Правило 1. Заперечення утворюється з допомогою заперечної
частки not, яка ставиться після першого допоміжного дієслова.
• We will not have finished our work by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
Правило 2. У питальних реченнях перше допоміжне дієслово
ставиться перед підметом.
• Had he gone to his work before eight?
Теперішній перфектний час (The Present Perfect Tense) уживається
в таких випадках:
1) коли час дії не вказано, а мова йде про результат.
• I have bought a book. — Я купив книжку.
2) коли є обставини часу: today, this week, this year.
• We have finished the experiment this week. — Ми закінчили
експеримент цього тиждня.
3) коли вживаються прислівники неозначеного часу: ever — коли-
небудь, nevei----ніколи, just — тільки що, not yet — ще не, al
ready — вже.
• Не has just finished his composition. — Він тільки-но закінчив
свій твір.
Минулий перфектний час (The Past Perfect Tense) позначає дію,
яка відбувалася до певного моменту в минулому (by that time — до
того часу; before he came — перед тим як він прийшов).
• They had already had supper before I came into the room. — Вони
вже повечеряли до того, як я зайшов до кімнати.
Майбутній перфектний час позначає дію, яка відбуватиметься до
певного моменту або іншої дії в майбутньому (by that time tomor
row — до того часу завтра; before something happens — до того, як
щось трапиться).
• She will have passed her exams by that time next year. — Вона
складе іспити до того часу наступного року.Граматичний довідник. Дієслово 77
THE FUTURE INDEFINITE-IN-THE-PAST
(МАЙБУТНІЙ ЧАС У МИНУЛОМУ)
The Future Indefinite-in-the-Past описує дію в майбутньому, з точ
ки зору якогось минулого моменту. Цей час уживають у розповід
ях про минулі події в разі переказування у непрямій мові слів або
думок якоїсь особи стосовно майбутнього часу.
• Не said that he would go to the cinema the following Sunday. —
Він сказав, що піде в кіно наступної неділі.
The Future Indefinite-in-the-Past утворюється з допомогою
Would + інфінітив основного дієслова без частки to.
• I would work.
У заперечній формі після допоміжного дієслова вживають
частку not.
• I would not work.
У питальній формі допоміжне слово ставлять перед підметом.
• Would you work? Yes, I would. No, I would not.
ЧАСОВІ ФОРМИ ДІЄСЛОВА ГРУПИ PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(ПЕРФЕКТНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ ЧАС)
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense уживають для вираження
дії, що почалася у минулому й тривала протягом певного періоду,
або все ще продовжується в цей момент, або щойно закінчилася.
• I’ve been waiting here for half an hour. — Я чекав тут пів
години.
На період тривалості дії вказують обставини часу часто з при
йменником for. На початок періоду, протягом якого відбувалася
дія, вказує слово since (з, відтоді, з того часу як).
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense утворюється з допоміж
ного дієслова to be в Present Perfect та дієприкметника теперіш
нього часу основного дієслова.
І have been playing
Не
She
It
has been playing
We
You
They
have been playing78 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
У заперечній формі після першого допоміжного дієслова вжи
вають заперечну частку not.
І have not been playing
Не
She
It
has not been playing
We
You
They
have not been playing
У питальній формі перше допоміжне дієслово ставлять перед
підметом.
Have I been playing?
Has
he
she
it
been playing?
Have
we
you
they
been playing?
З дієсловами, що не вживають із часами групи Continuous, за
мість Present Perfect Continuous Tense уживають Present Perfect.
The Past Perfect Continuous уживають для вираження тривалої
дії, яка почалася до якогось моменту в минулому і (або) про
довжувалася в цей момент або закінчилася безпосередньо пе
ред ним.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense утворюють із допоміжного
дієслова to be в Past Perfect та дієприкметника теперішнього часу
основного дієслова.
I had been playing
He
She
It
had been playing
We
You
They
had been playingГраматичний довідник. Дієслово 79
У заперечній формі після першого допоміжного дієслова вжи
вають заперечну частку not.
І had not been playing
Не
She
It
had not been playing
We
You
They
had not been playing
У питальній формі перше допоміжне дієслово ставлять перед
підметом.
Had I been playing?
Had he
she
it
been playing?
Had we
you
they
been playing?
УЗГОДЖЕННЯ ЧАСІВ
Правило узгодження часів — це залежність часу дієслова-
присудка підрядного речення від часу, в якому стоїть дієслово-
присудок головного речення.
1.Якщо дієслово-присудок головного речення стоїть у тепереш
ньому або майбутньому часі, дієслово-присудок підрядного
може стояти в будь-якій часовій формі, якої вимагає зміст. На
приклад:
• Не says that he knows your friend. — Він каже, що знає вашого
друга.
• Не says that he was busy yesterday. — Він каже, що був зайнятий
учора.
• Не says that he will be busy tomorrow. — Він каже, що буде
зайнятий завтра.
2. Якщо дієслово-присудок головного речення стоїть у минулому
часі (звичайно у Past Indefinite), то дієслово-присудок підряд
ного має стояти в одному з минулих часів або в майбутньому
з погляду минулого (Future-in-the-Past).80 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
He said
Він сказав,
that he worked at the plant,
що він працює на заводі.
that he had worked at the plant,
що він працював на заводі.
that he would work at the plant,
що він буде працювати на заводі
Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite
одночасна дія
Past Perfect
дія, яка передує
Future-in-the-Past
майбутнє в минулому
ПРЯМА ТА НЕПРЯМА МОВА
(DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH)
Під час перетворення прямої мови на непряму пряма мова стає
підрядним додатковим реченням. Дієслово to tell вживають із не
прямим додатком, дієслово to say уживають або з прийменниковим
додатком (з прийменником to), або без нього. Можна вживати спо
лучник that. Часи дієслів змінюють згідно з правилом узгодження
часів. Займенники змінюють залежно від змісту. Змінюють при
слівники часу та місця.
Пряма мова Непряма мова
this that
these those
here there
now then
today on that day
yesterday the day before
last week the week before
tomorrow the next day
next week the next week
• He said: “ I’ ll do it tomorrow” . — He said (that) he would do it the
next day.
• Mary said to me: “ I worked at this office last year” . — Mary told
me she had worked at that office the year before.
• He said: “ I can speak to you now” . — He said he could speak to
me then.Граматичний довідник. Пряма та непряма мова (Direct and Reported Speech) 81
Наказове речення
У наказових реченнях у непрямій мові дієслово say змінюють
на tell або ask. Після дієслова необхідна вказівка на персону, до
якої звертаються, а дієслово підрядного речення переходить у фор
му інфінітиву. У заперечувальних наказових реченнях частку not
ставлять перед інфінітивом. Наприклад:
Пряма мова Непряма мова
She said, “Come at 3 o’clock, Peter” She told Peter to come at three o’clock
She said, “Don’t open the window,
children”
She asked children not to open the
window
Розповідне речення
У розповідних реченнях уживають указівний займенник that.
Наприклад:
Пряма мова Непряма мова
The teacher said, “The weather is
fine”
The teacher said that the weather
was fine
The teacher said, “Peter can help
Ann”
The teacher said that Peter could
help Ann
The teacher said, “Peter works every
day”
The teacher said that Peter worked
every day
The teacher said, “Peter is working
now”
The teacher said that Peter was
working then
The teacher said, “Peter has finished
his work already”
The teacher said that Peter had fin
ished his work already
The teacher said, “Peter finished his
work yesterday”
The teacher said that Peter Peter
had finished his work the day before
The teacher said, “Peter will finish
his work tomorrow”
The teacher said that Peter would
finish his work the next day
Питальне речення
Під час перетворення запитань із прямої мови на непряму змі
нюється порядок слів: непрямі запитання, на відміну від прямих,
характеризуються прямим порядком слів. У головному реченні
вживають дієслово to ask. Загальні запитання вводять у непрямій
мові сполучниками if, whether, а спеціальні — відповідними пи
тальними словами.82 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Пряма мова Непряма мова
The teacher asked, “Is the weather
fine?”
The teacher asked if the weather
was fine
The teacher asked, “Can Peter help
Ann?”
The teacher asked if Peter could
help Ann
The teacher asked, “Does Peter work
every day?”
The teacher asked if Peter worked
every day
The teacher asked, “Is Peter working
now?”
The teacher asked if Peter was
working then
The teacher asked, “Has Peter finished
his work already?”
The teacher asked if Peter had
finished his work already
The teacher asked, “Did Peter finish
his work yesterday?”
The teacher asked if Peter had
finished his work the day before
The teacher asked, “Will Peter finish
his work tomorrow?”
The teacher asked if Peter would
finish his work the next day
The teacher asked, “What is your
name?”
The teacher asked what my name
was
The teacher asked, “Where do you live?” The teacher asked where I lived
The teacher asked, “When do you get
up?”
The teacher asked when I got up
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН (PASSIVE VOICE)
Стан — це категорія дієслова, яка демонструє відношення дії
до суб’єкта чи об’єкта дії.
Пасивний стан показує, що на предмет або особу, які є підметом
речення, спрямовано дію (стаття перекладена, дім будується).
Наприклад:
• Popov invented radio in Russia. — Активний стан (Active
Voice). — Попов винайшов радіо в Росії.
• The radio in Russia was invented by Popov. — Пасивний стан
(Pessive Voice). — Радіо в Росії було винайдено Поповим.
Пасивний стан — це складна аналітична форма, яку утворюють
із допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be у відповідному часі, особі
й числі та дієприкметника минулого часу (Participle II).
to be + Participle I I
Запам'ятайте: вживання часів пасивного стану відбувається за
такими ж правилами, як і часів активного стану.Граматичний довідник. Пасивний стан (Passive Voice) 83
INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) PASSIVE VOICE
Стверджувальна форма
Present Past Future
I am asked I was asked I shall be asked
The letter is written The letter was written The letter will be written
The letters are written The letters were written The letters will be written
Питальна форма
У питальній формі змінюється порядок слів:
перед підметом ставиться перше допоміжне дієслово
Present Past Future
Am I asked? Was I asked? Shall I be asked
Is the letter written? Was the letter written? Will the letter be
written?
Are the letters written? Were the letters
written?
Will the letters be
written?
Заперечна форма
Заперечна частка not після першого допоміжного дієслова
Present Past Future
I am not asked I was not asked I shall not be asked
The letter is not written The letter was not
written
The letter will not be
written
The letters are not
written
The letters were not
written
The letters will not be
written
Запам'ятайте: у пасивному стані лише допоміжне дієслово змі
нюється за часом.
CONTINUOUS PASSIVE VOICE
Стверджувальна форма
Present Past Future
I am being asked I was being asked
The letter is being The letter was being Замість Future Contin
written written uous вживають Future
The letters are being
written
The letters were being
written
Indefinite84 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Питальна форма
У питальній формі змінюється порядок слів:
перед підметом ставиться перше допоміжне дієслово
Present Past Future
Am I being asked? Was I being asked?
Is the letter being writ
ten?
Was the letter being
written?
Are the letters written? Were the letters being
written?
Заперечна форма
Заперечна частка not після першого допоміжного дієслова
Present Past Future
I am not being asked I was not being asked
The letter is not being
written
The letter was not being
written
The letters are not
being written
The letters were not
being written
PERFECT PASSIVE VOICE
Стверджувальна форма
Present Past Future
I have been asked I had been asked I shall have been asked
The letter has been
written
The letter had been
written
The letter will have
been written
Letters have been
written
Letters had been
written
Letters will have been
written
Питальна форма
Present Past Future
Have I been asked? Had I been asked? Shall I have been
asked?
Has the letter been
written?
Had the letter been
written?
Will the letter have
been written?
Have letters been
written?
Had letters been
written?
Will letters have been
written?Граматичний довідник. Пасивний стан (Passive Voice) 85
Заперечна форма
Present Past Future
I have not been asked I had not been asked I shall not have been
asked
The letter has not been
written
The letter had not been
written
The letter will not been
written
Letters have not been
written
Letters had not been
written
Letters will not have
been written
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ГРАМАТИЧНИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ
У ПАСИВНОМУ СТАНІ
В англійській мові пасивний стан уживають частіше ніж в ук-
райнській. Існує декілька випадків, коли переклад присудка у па
сивному стані становить певні труднощі, а саме:
1. Якщо в пасивному стані є носій дії (by somebody), то під час пере
кладу можна вживати особову форму дієслова в активному стані.
• The news is brought by my sister. — Новину принесла моя
сестра.
2. Якщо присудок у пасивній конструкції виражено дієсловом
із прийменником, то підмет перекладають додатком з відповід
ним прийменником, а присудок — неозначено-особовою фор
мою дієслова.
• The doctor was sent for — Послали за лікарем...
• The child is being looked after — За дитиною доглядають...
3. Безособові конструкції перекладають таким чином:
• It is known that — Відомо, що...
• It is said that — Кажуть, що...
• It is expected that — Чекають, що...
• It should be mentioned that — Слід згадати, що...
Запам'ятайте:
• to look for — шукати
• to look through — переглядати
• to work on — працювати над
• to wait for — чекати
• to pay attention to — звертати увагу на
• to listen to — слухати
• to refer to — посилатися на86 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА ТА ЇХ ЕКВІВАЛЕНТИ
Модальні дієслова (Modal Verbs) виражають не саму дію, а вказу
ють на відношення до неї того, хто говорить, тобто на можливість,
припущення, здатність та вірогідність дії, позначеної наступним
інфінітивом дієслова.
• I can swim. — Я вмію плавати.
• You may swim. — Вам можна плавати.
Запам'ятайте: після модальних дієслів інфінітив основного
дієслова вживають без частки to.
За винятком: to be to, to have to.
Під час утворення питальної форми модальне дієслово ставлять
перед підметом. Наприклад:
• May they come later? — Можна їм прийти пізніше?
Під час утворення заперечення частку not ставлять після мо
дального дієслова. Наприклад:
• You must not smoke here. — He можна тут палити.
Модальні дієслова, які виражають повинність, необхідність
Must — бути повинним.
Ми вживаємо must, коли описуємо наші почуття. Must ужива
ють тільки в теперішньому або майбутньому часах. Mustn’t (must
not) уживають для висловлення суворого наказу щось НЕ робити.
• I must leave at once. — Я повинен негайно поїхати.
• I mustn’ t leave at once.
• Must you leave at once?
• Yes, you must.
• No, you mustn’t.
Have to — мусити.
Ми вживаємо have to для опису фактів, а не персональних
(власних) почуттів. Have to вживають у минулому, теперішньо
му, та майбутньому часах. Don’ t have to (do not have to) вживають,
коли треба дати рекомендацію.
• I have to go there. — Я маю піти туди. I had to go there.
• I do not have to go there. I didn’t have to go there.
• Do you have to go there? Did you have to go there?
• Yes, I do. Yes, I did.
• No, I don’ t. No, I didn’t.Граматичний довідник. Модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти 87
Be to — означає повинність, що є наслідком попередньої домов
леності або плану.
• We were to inspect the new device. — Ми повинні були оглянути
новий прилад. (Про це було домовлено.)
Should — слід (порада)
• You should do it. — Тобі слід це зробити.
Should часто вживають із висловами:
• I think...
• I don’t think...
• Do you think...?
Вираз “You shouldn’ t do smth.” означає, що так вчиняти не
добре. Ми також уживаємо should, коли щось відбувається не так,
як ми очікували. Наприклад:
• I wonder where Ann is. She should be here by now.
Should також уживають, коли ми очікуємо на якусь подію.
Наприклад:
• There are many hotels in the town. It shouldn’ t be difficult to
find somewhere to stay.
Ми можемо використовувати should після деяких дієслів:
• suggest • insist
• propose • demand
• recommend
Наприклад:
• They insisted that we should have dinner with them.
• I demanded that he should apologise.
• What do you suggest I should do.
Також should використовують після рекомендацій, пропозицій
та виразів it’s important / necessary / essential.
He можна використовувати частку to після suggest.
Ми можемо використовувати should після таких прикмет
ників:
• funny
• typical
• strange
• odd
• natural
• interesting
• surprising
• surprised88 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Модальні дієслова, які виражають здатність
ji* ш ••• або можливість дії
Сап — могти, бути спроможним.
Ми вживаємо сап + інфінітив без частки to. У сап є форма ми
нулого часу — could, але немає форми майбутнього часу, тому її
замінюють на to be able to.
• He can help you. — Він може допомогти тобі.
Be able to — могти
• We’ ll be able to see each other very often. — Ми зможемо часто
зустрічатися.
Модальні дієслова, які виражають дозвіл
або прохання, вірогідність
May (might) — можливо, мабуть
Зазвичай ми можемо використовувати і тау, і might, але ми
використовуємо тільки might, коли описуємо нереальну ситуацію.
• You may come here every day. — Ви можете приходити сюди
кожен день.
• Do you think it will rain? Yes, it may. — Як ти гадаєш, чи буде
дощ? Так, можливо.
Be allowed to — дозволяти
• Не was allowed to borrow books from the library. — Йому
дозволили позичити книжки у бібліотеці.
Таблиця модальних дієслів
Модальне
дієслово
Функція Приклади
Can, could 1. Фізична чи розумова
здатність, уміння
Не can do it. — Він може це зро
бити.
I can dance. — Я вмію танцювати
2. Дозвіл / заборона Can I come in? — Можна мені
увійти?
3. Передбачення
(у стверджувальному
реченні)
Не can have done it. — Можливо,
він це зробив
4. Сумнів, недовіра
(у заперечному та пи
тальному реченнях)
Can she have done it? — Невже
вона це зробила?Граматичний довідник. Модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти 89
Модальне
дієслово
Функція Приклади
То be able
(to)
Не will be able to do it. — Він змо
же це зробити
May,
might
1. Дозвіл / заборона May I speak to you? — Можна
з вами поговорити?
2. Передбачення з част
кою невпевненості
She may do (have done) it. — Мож
ливо, вона це зробить (зробила)
3. Дорікання (might) You might be more attentive. —
Ти могла б бути більш уважною
To be al
lowed (to)
Не was allowed to go there. —
Йому дозволили туди піти
Must 1. Обов’язок, необхід
ність, наказ, порада
She must do it. — Вона повинна
це зробити.
You must consult the doctor. — Ви
повинні порадитися з лікарем
2. Передбачення з вели
кою мірою впевненості
Не must be an engineer. — Певно,
він — інженер
To have
(to)
She had to do it. — Вона повинна
була це зробити
To be ob
liged (to)
I will be obliged to call the poli
ce. — Я буду змушений викликати
поліцію
To have
(to)
Необхідність під дією
обставин
You will have to go home. — Вам
доведеться піти додому
Need Необхідність (у запе
речних та питальних
реченнях)
You needn’t hurry. — He треба
поспішати
Should,
ought (to)
1. Моральний
обов’язок, порада,
рекомендація
You should visit him. — Вам слід
навідатися до нього
2. Передбаченняз част
кою впевненості
They should be a happy family. —
Вони, певно, щаслива родина
To be (to)
(в Present
Indefinite
та Past In
definite)
1. Зобов’язаність за
планом, розкладом,
графіком
The lessons are to begin at 9 a. m. — За
няття мають початися о 9-й ранку.
We are to meet at the corner. — Ми
повинні зустрітися на розі
2. Наказ, інструкція You are to go too bed. — «Лягайте
спати!90 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Модальне
дієслово
Функція Приклади
Shall 1. Наказ, попереджен
ня, погроза,застере
ження
You will not run away from me! —
Ти від мене не втечеш!
2. Питання для отри
мання розпоряджен
ня, наказу
Will I turn on the lights? —
Увімкнути світло?
Will,
would
1. Воля, бажання, намір We will help you. — Ми допоможе
мо вам (залюбки)
2. Ввічливе прохання,
запрошення
Would you like some coffe? —
Чи не бажаєте кави?
3. Вказівка на те, що
предмет не виконує
своїх функцій (у за
перечному реченні)
The knife won’t cut. — Ніж
не ріже
ДІЄПРИКМЕТНИК I, II
Дієприкметник — це безособова форма дієслова, яка поєднує
ознаки прикметника та дієслова. В англійській мові існує два
типа дієприкметників: теперішнього часу (Participle І) та минулого
(Participle II).
Форми дієприкметника
Indefi
nite
Participle I Participle II
Active Passive
changing being changed (V3) changed (V3)
Вживають у функціях означення
та обставини
Вживають у функціях
означення й обставини
Perfect
having changed
(V3)
having been
changed (V3)
Вживають у функціях обставини
Функції Participle І
1) Означення
• The rising sun was hidden by clouds. — Сонце, що сходило,
закрили хмари.Граматичний довідник. Герундій 91
• The stars shining in the dark sky seem blue. — Зірки, що світять
у темному небі, здаються блакитними.
• The bridge being built across the river is going to be beautiful. —
Міст, який будують через річку, буде дуже красивий.
2) Обставина (вживається зі сполучниками when, while)
• Entering the room, she saw her sister there. — Увійшовши до
кімнати, вона побачила там свою сестру.
• Being built of wood the bridge could not carry heavy loads. —
Оскільки міст було збудовано з дерева, він не міг витримувати
велике навантаження.
• Having said this, they stopped speaking. — Сказавши це, вони
припинили розмову.
• Having been invited to a party, she could not stay at home. —
Оскільки її запросили на вечірку, вона не змогла залишитися
вдома.
Функції Participle II
1) Означення
• We looked at the destroyed bridge. — Ми дивилися на зруйно
ваний міст.
• Не is a doctor loved and respected by everybody. — Він лікар,
якого всі люблять і поважають.
2) Обставина (вживається зі сполучниками when, if, as if, as
though)
• When praised, he was ill at easy. — Коли його хвалили, він
почувався ніяково.
ГЕРУНДІЙ
Герундій — це безособова форма дієслова, яка має граматичні
особливості як дієслова, так і іменника.
Запам'ятайте: герундій завжди виражає дію як процес.
• increasing — збільшення
• obtaining — отримання
• heating — нагрівання
Форми герундія
Indefinite
Active Passive
writing being written
Perfect having written having been written92 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Синтаксичні функції герундія у реченні
та способи його перекладу українською мовою
Функція Приклад Переклад
1. Підмет Smoking isn’t allowed here Палити тут не можна
2. Предикатив His hobby is driving a car Його хобби — водити
машину
3. Додаток
(прямий, при
йменниковий)
I enjoy reading books.
We spoke of swimming
Мені подобається читати.
Ми розмовляли про пла
вання
4. Означення There are different ways of
obtaining this substance
Існують різні способи
отримання цієї речовини
5. Обставина After receiving good re
sults they stopped experi
ments
Після отримання пози
тивних результатів вони
припинили експерименти
Для перекладу герундія українською мовою вживають імен
ник, неозначену форму дієслова, дієприкметник, дієслово в особо
вій формі або підрядне речення.
Запам'ятайте: складні форми герундія перекладають із допо
могою підрядного речення.
• I know of his having been appointed to a new job. — Я знаю, що
його призначили на нову роботу.
ІНФІНІТИВ
Інфінітив — це безособова форма дієслова, яка тільки називає
дію й відповідає на питання: що робити? що зробити? Поєднує
особливості як дієслова, так і іменника.
Наприклад:
• to write — писати
• to answer — відповідати
Ознакою інфінітива в англійській мові є частка to, але в бага
тьох випадках інфінітив уживають без неї.
••• •
Функції в реченні
1) Підмет
• То follow him is dangerous. — Супроводжувати його небез
печно.Граматичний довідник. Речення 93
2) Предикатив
• The point is to achieve the aim. — Головне — досягти мети.
3) Частина дієслівного складеного присудка
• We must stay at home. — Ми маємо залишитися вдома.
4) Додаток
• Не asked me to wait. — Він попросив мене зачекати.
5) Означення
• The work to be done is difficult. — Робота, яку треба зробити,
важка.
6) Обставина мети
• I have come here to meet her. — Я прийшов сюди, щоби
зустрітися з нею.
Форми інфінітива
Indefinite
Active Passive
He is glad to help his
friend. — Він радий допо
могти другу
Не is glad to be helped. —
Він радий, що йому допо
магають
Continuous
Не is glad to be helping his
friend. — Він радий, що до
помагає другу (зараз)
Perfect
Не is glad to have helped his
friend. — Він радий, що до
поміг другу (раніше)
Не is glad to have been
helped. — Він радий, що
йому допомогли
Perfect
Continuous
Не is glad to have been
working at this plant for
ten years. — Він радий, що
працює на цьому заводі вже
десять років
РЕЧЕННЯ
ПОРЯДОК СЛІВ У РЕЧЕННЯХ
Прямий порядок слів у розповідному реченні в англійській
мові зумовлений відсутністю відмінків.94 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Вираження відмінкових закінчень із допомогою прийменників
Відмінок
в українській мові
Прийменники
в англійській мові
Називний Хто? Що?
Друг
У реченні завжди — підмет, стоїть перед
присудком.
• My friend reads much
Родовий Кого? Чого?
Друга
of; from
• The sister of my friend is in the room.
• I have received a letter from my friend
Давальний Кому? Чому?
Другу
to
• I always give my books to my friend
Знахідний Кого? Що?
Друга
У реченні завжди — додаток, стоїть після
присудка.
• I see my friend in the room
Орудний Ким? Чим?
Другом,
ручкою
by; with
• This work is done by my friend.
• I write with a pen
Місцевий Про кого?
Про що?
Про друга
about, of
• I often think about (of) my friend
Розповідне (стверджувальне) речення
Прямий порядок слів розповідного речення означає:
підмет + присудок + додаток
S — subject P — predicate 0 — object
He is my friend
Розповідне (заперечне) речення
Якщо присудком є сильне дієслово, то під час утворенні запе
речної форми допоміжні слова не потрібні:
підмет + присудок + not + додаток
S — subject P — predicate not 0 — object
He is not my friend
Сильні дієслова:
• be (am, is, are), (was, were, been)
• have (has, had) — для Present та Past Perfect Tense
• will (shall)
• should, wouldГраматичний довідник. Речення 95
Модальні дієслова:
• Can, may, must
E.g. Не is not т у friend.
Інші дієслова (або слабкі) утворюють заперечну форму з до
помогою дієслова “do” :
Підмет + do not + Присудок + Додаток
S — subject do not Р — predicate 0 — object
They do not read newspapers
Не does not — для 3-ї особи
однини (Present Simple)
read newspapers
She did not — для минулого часу read newspapers
Питальне речення
Англійське питальне речення для сильних дієслів утворюють
без допоміжних дієслів. Порядок слів — зворотний.
Присудок + Підмет + Додаток ?
P — predicate S — subject 0 — object ?
Is he my friend?
Слабким дієсловам знову потрібна допомога do.
Do + Підмет + Присудок + Додаток?
Do + S — subject P — predicate 0 — object ?
Do + you like to read
Does — для 3-ї особи од
нини (Present Simple)
he like to read
Did — для минулого часу he like to read
Спонукальне речення
Присудок + додаток
P — predicate 0 — object
Close the door, please96 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Для ввічливої форми:
Will +
Would
Could
підмет + присудок + додаток
Will
Would S — subject P — predicate 0 — object
Could
Will
Would you close the door?
Could
Окличне речення
Окличне слово + Частина мови Приклад
What + Іменник, прислівник What a lovely girl!
What a teacher you are!
How + Прикметник, прислів
ник, дієслово
How slippery it was!
How beautiful you are!
How it snows!
Запам'ятай!
Після what злічувані іменники в однині вживаються з неозна
ченим артиклем. Незлічувані, а також іменники у множині — без
артикля.
СКЛАДНІ РЕЧЕННЯ
Складнопідрядне речення складається з головного та одного
чи кількох підрядних, які пояснюють головне. В англійській мові
підрядні речення можуть стояти перед або після головного і часто
не відокремлюються від нього комою. Підрядні речення завжди
мають підмет.
Типи підрядних речень
1) Підметові: вводяться сполучниками that, if або сполучними сло
вами whether, who, what, which, when, how, why.
• Who saved his life remained unknown. — Той, хто врятував його
життя, залишився невідомим.Граматичний довідник. Речення 97
2) Предикативні (присудкові): вони вводяться тими самими сполуч
никами та сполучними словами, що й підметові.
• That is what I want to ask you. — Це те, що я бажаю спитати у вас.
3) Додаткові: вони вводяться тими самими сполучниками та спо
лучними словами, що й підметові та присудкові.
• She asked me if I knew this city. — Вона запитала мене, чи знаю
я це місто.
4) Означальні: вони вводяться сполучниками, сполучними словами
та відносними займенниками who (вживається для осіб), which
(для предметів), that (для осіб і предметів) та відносними
прислівниками when, where, how, why.
• The man who wanted to see you yesterday is waiting for you. —
Чоловік, який хотів побачити тебе вчора, чекає на тебе.
5) Обставинні підрядні речення поділяються на такі види:
а) Підрядні речення часу (відповідають на запитання коли?).
♦ We’ ll have dinner when mother comes home. — Ми будемо обі
дати, коли прийде додому мати.
б) Підрядні речення місця (відповідають на запитання де? куди?).
♦ Whenever you go you must remember about it. — Куди б ти не
поїхав, ти повинен пам’ятати про це.
в) Підрядні речення умови (відповідають на запитання в якому
випадку? за якої умови?).
♦ We’ ll come to see you if the weather is fine. — Ми прийдемо
до тебе, якщо буде чудова погода.
г) Підрядні речення причини (відповідають на запитання чому?).
♦ Не spoke quickly for he had no spare time. — Він швидко
розмовляв, тому що в нього не було вільного часу.
д) Підрядні речення мети (відповідають на питання з якою
метою?).
♦ I sent him a telegram so that he might meet me at the station. —
Я відіслав йому телеграму для того, щоб він міг зустріти
мене на станції.
е) Підрядні речення способу дії (відповідають на питання як?).
♦ You must study as your sister does. — Ти повинен навчатися
так, як навчається твоя сестра.
УМОВНІ РЕЧЕННЯ
Умовний спосіб дієслова виражає нереальну дію, тобто таку,
яка могла б відбутися за певних умов, а також необхідну, бажану
або нездійснену.98 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Порівняйте!
Дійсний спосіб
• This plan was adopted last year. — Цей план був прийнятий
у минулому році.
Умовний спосіб
• The adoption of this plan would be untimely. — Прийняття цього
плану було би передчасним.
Запам'ятайте:
Під час перекладу умовного пособу українською мовою вжива
ють форму дієслова в минулому часі та частку б.
В англійській мові існує три типи умовних речень.
I тип. Умовні підрядні речення (УПР) виражають реальні умо
ви, які стосуються минулого, теперешнього й майбутнього часів
для реальних дій, виражених у головному реченні.
• If you work hard, you will pass your exams. — Якщо ти будеш
наполеглево працювати, ти складеш іспити.
II тип. УПР виражають неймовірні або малоймовірні припу
щення, які стосуються теперішнього або майбутнього часу.
• If you worked hard, you would pass your exams next month. —
Якби ти наполегливо працював, ти би склав іспити в наступ
ному місяці.
• If I were here, I would let you know. — Якщо б я був тут, я би
повідомив вас.
Запам'ятайте: в умовному способі вживають лише одну форму
дієслова “ fee” у минулому часі — were.
III тип. УПР виражають нереальні умови для дій у головному
реченні, оскільки стосуються минулого часу й тому не можуть
бути виконані.
• If you had worked hard last semester, you would have passed your
exams. — Якби ти наполеглево працював у минулому семестрі,
ти би склав іспити.
Інверсія
Іноді трапляються безсполучникові підрядні речення умови (II
та III типів), які починаються з дієслів were, had, should, would,
could.
• Were you in the library, you would see Nick. — Якби ви були
в бібліотеці, то ви б побачили Ніка.Граматичний довідник. Речення 99
Часи дієслів-присудків, які вживають в умовних реченнях
Підрядне речення Головне речення
І тип Присудки виражено дієсловами у формах дійсного способу
II тип Форма дієслова, яка збігається з фор
мою минулого простого часу Past
Indefinite — V2
Future-in-the-Past
should would VI
III тип Форма дієслова, яка збігається з фор
мою минулого перфектного часу Past
Perfect — had V3
should would have V3
Сполучники в умовних підрядних реченнях
Основними сполучниками є:
1 ) i f
• If you wait for me, we’ ll go there together. — Якщо ви мене за
чекаєте, ми підемо туди разом.
2) unless
• Не won’ t finish his work unless you help him. — Він не закін
чить роботу, якщо ви не допоможете йому.
3) provided {providing)
• We’ ll start our classes at 9 sharp, provided everybody comes in
time. — Ми почнемо заняття рівно о дев’ятій, якщо всі при
йдуть учасно.Література
1. Загальноєвропейські Рекомендації з мовної освіти: вивчення, викла
дання, оцінювання. Відділ сучасних мов. Страсбург. — К. : Ленвіт,
2003.
2. Anne Conybeare, Simon Betterton. New Matrix. Student’s Book. — Ox
ford University Press, 2006.
3. MiladaBroukal,EnidNolan-Woods. NTC’s Preparation for the TOEFL. —
National Textbook Company, 1992.
4. Джерела автентичних текстів.
5. Матеріали періодичних видань.
6. Ресурси мережі Інтернет.APPENDIX
КОРИСНІ ФРАЗИ, ЯКІ МОЖНА ВИКОРИСТОВУВАТИ
В РОЗМОВІ ТА НА ПИСЬМІ
Starting a conversation — розпочинаючи розмову
• Excuse me. Can I tell/ask you something?
• Can I talk to you for a moment?
• Can I have a word?
Asking for directions/information — запитуючи про напрямок/надання
інформації
• Excuse me. How do I get to...?
• Is there a (post office) near here?
• Could you tell me the way to...?
• I’d like to know..., please.
• Do you know (where the bus stop is)?
• And there is one more thing I’d like to know.
• And you wouldn’ t know..., would you?
Giving directions — указуючи напрямок
• Go straight ahead. Turn left /right.
• Take the first / second turning on your right / left.
• Go past (the school).
• Keep going until you get to...
• Go along (Green Street) as far as the traffic lights.
• Then...
• You need to...
Expressing opinions — висловлення думки
• (I’m) sorry for (sth/ doing sth).
• I’m really sorry.
• I’m awfully sorry.
• I apologise.
Making a request — висловлючи прохання
• Can / Could you... ?
• Would you mind (doing sth)?
• Do you think you could...?102 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
• Do you think you could possibly...?
• Will you...?
Agreeing to a request — висловлючи згоду на прохання
• OK./All right.
• Yes, sure.
• Certainly.
Refusing a request — відмова на прохання
Sorry, but...
I can’ t really...
I’m afraid I can’t...
Making suggestions/arrangements to meet — висловлючи пораду /пого
дження на зустріч
• Are you doing anything on...?
• Would you like to (do sth)?
• Do you fancy (sth / doing sth)?
• Why don’t we (do sth)?
• Let’s (do sth).
• How / What about (doing sth)?
• I was wondering if you’d like to (do sth)?
• It would be great if we (did sth).
Accepting suggestions/arrangements to meet — приймати пора
ди/погодження на зустріч
• (Yes,) I’d love to.
• (Yes,) I’d be glad/happy to.
• Sure, why not?
• Sounds good to me.
• Great!
• Yes, that would be (great / good / useful / excellent).
• Yes, (I think) that’s a good idea.
• That’s a great idea!
• That’s a good/an excellent suggestion!
• Yes, that’s probably the best option.
• That would / could be fun / interesting.
Rejecting suggestions/arrangements to meet — відмовляти порадам /по
годження на зустріч
• Sorry, but I can’ t.
• Sorry, but I’m busy on...Appendix 103
• Sorry, but I’ve got to (do sth).
• I’m afraid I can’t.
• That’s a good idea, but...
• I’d love to, but...
• I don’t think so, (because...)
• Well, I’d rather (do sth).
• Yes, but don’ t you think it would be better to (do sth)?
• Asking for help — питати про допомогу
• Could you (do sth)?
• Would you mind (doing sth)?
• Can you help me, please?
• Could you give / lend me a hand?
Offering something — пропонувати щось
• Would you like (a biscuit)?
• How about (a cup of coffee)?
• Fancy (a drink)?
• I’ ll do it for you.
• Shall I help you to (do sth)?
• How can I help (you)?
Accepting an offer — приймати запрошення
• Yes, please. / Thanks.
• Thank you very much.
• That’s very kind of you.
• That would be lovely, thank you.
Asking for permission — питати про дозвіл
• Could I ...?
• Is it OK / all right if I ... ?
• Do you mind if I (do sth)?
• Would you mind if I (did sth)?
• Would it be OK if I (did sth)?
• I was wondering if I could...?
Giving permission — давати дозвіл
• Yes, of course.
• Yes, sure.
• Yes, that’s fine.
• No, that’s fine.
• No, go ahead.
• No problem.104 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Refusing permission — відмовляти у дозволі
• Sorry, but...
• I’m afraid that’s not possible.
• I’d rather you didn’ t (if you don’ t mind).
Asking for advice — питати про пораду
• What do you think I should do?
• Do you think I should...?
• Can I ask your opinion about something?
Giving advice — давати пораду
• I think you should/ought to...
• If I were you, I’d (do sth).
• Have you thought about (doing sth)?
• Have you considered (doing sth)?
• Why don’t you...?
• You might enjoy (doing sth). „
• You could...
Saying thanks — висловлювати подяку
• Thanks a lot. / Many thanks.
• Thank you very much.
• That was / is very kind of you.
Responding to thanks — відповідати на подяку
• Not at all.
• No problem.
• Don’t mention it.
• Any time.
• That’s OK.
• You’re welcome.
• It’s a pleasure. / My pleasure.
Describing a picture — описуючи малюнок
• In the picture I can see...
• The picture shows...
• They look (tired).
• She seems / appears to be (happy)...
• On the right /le ft there is...
• At the top/bottom there are...
• In the top right-hand corner there seems to be...
• In the foreground /background...Appendix 105
• I think they represent...
• The image reminds me of / makes me think of...
• The setting is...
Talking about statistics — говорячи про статистику
• Most...
• The vast majority of...
• Nearly half / all (of the respondents)...
• Less than half of...
• Nearly a third of...
• A quarter of...Hardly any...
• Compared to...it’s (ten times/ 55%) more (likely/common)...
• The contrast between (air travel) and (sea travel) is (insignifi
cant.
Explaining what something is — пояснюючи, що мається на увазі
• It’s something that (covers the window).
• You can (pull it).
• It’s a kind of (bed) that you can (sit on when you want to watch
TV).
• It’s (a box) made of (wood) where (somebody keeps...)
Speculating — розмірковуючи над...
• (I guess) they might/could be (brother and sister).
• It must be (some kind of a machine).
• She is probably (more than 17).
• She can’ t be (on holiday), because...
• She could be... or...
• He looks as if...
• It’s not clear if...
• It looks like (they’re friends).
• They seem (to be in love).
• I imagine they’re...
• I expect that she’s...
• I wonder if he’s...
Ordering arguments — послідовність викладення подій/фактів
• То start with,...
• First of all,... / Firstly,...
• Secondly,...
• Another thing is that...
• On the one hand... but on the other hand...106 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
• On the other hand,...
• The main reason is...
• Another reason is...
• Well, the thing is that...
• It’s also true that...
• And on top of that...
• And finally...
Giving examples — наводячи приклади
• For example,...
• For instance,...
• To give you an idea,...
• One example of this is...
• Look at the case of ...
Summarising — підбиваючи підсумки
• So what it comes down to is...
• The point I’m trying to make is...
• Let me just recap what’s been said so far.
• In short...
• In other words...
• To sum up...
Asking for someone's opinion — запитуючи чиюсь думку/точку зору
• What do you think (of/about...)?
• Have you considered...?
• What’s your view / opinion / take on...?
• Don’t you agree that...?
Expressing opinions — висловлючи думки/точку зору
• I think (that)...
• In my view/opinion,...
• I’m convinced / positive that...
• To my mind,...
• Personally, I think...
• As I see it,...
• From my point of view,...
• As far as I’m concerned,...
• I don’t think...
• I don’t really know (if)...
• I’m not sure (about / if)...
• I don’t have a strong / definite opinion about that.Appendix 107
Agreeing /Accepting the other person's viewpoint — погодження/прий
няття точки зору іншої особи
• Yes, I agree (with you).
• I completely agree.
• I couldn’t agree with you more.
• That’s exactly what I think.
• My point exactly.
• I know.
• I can go along with that.
• (I think) you’re right.
• Right./That’s right.
• True. / That ’ s true.
• Absolutely.
• Exactly!
• I suppose so.
Disagreeing — непогодження
• Yes / True, but...
• I’m afraid I disagree / can’t agree with you.
• I take / see your point, but...
• I see what you mean, but...
• I’m not sure about that.
• I’m not sure that’s true / correct / right.
• I’m not sure I can accept that.
• I agree to some extent, but...
• There might be some truth in that, but...
• I can’ t agree/go along with that.
• I disagree.
• I don’t see why / how
• You must be joking!
• Surely you don’t think that...
• Actually,...
Responding to what someone has said — реагування на чиїсь репліки
• Do you? / Are you? / Is it? (the appropriate question tag from the
statement)
• That’s interesting.
• Really?
• I see.
• Oh, OK.108 Готуємось до ЗНО. Brainstorming day by day
Playing for time — коли треба виграти час на обмірковування
• Let me see,...
• Well, let me think,...
• Hm, let me think about that for a moment.
• I’ ll have to think about it.
• How shall / can I put it?
• What’s the word for it?
Asking for clarification/Saying you don't understand — запитуючи про
додаткові пояснення/коли ви говорите, що ви чогось не розумієте
• Pardon?
• Sorry?
• Sorry, I didn’t quite catch that.
• Sorry, I missed that.
• Do you mean...?
• Does this mean...?
• Can you say it/that again, please?
• Would you mind repeating that, please?
• Could you repeat that more slowly, please?
• Could you spell that, please?Навчальне видання
Бібліотека журналу «Англійська мова та література»
Випуск 9 (117)
ҐАНДЗЯ Ірина Василівна,
СИНЕЛЬНИКОВА Віра Володимирівна
ГОТУЄМОСЬ ДО ЗНО.
Brainstorming day by day
Головний редактор О. С. Любченко
Редактор A. Л. Мирошніченко
Відповідальний за видання Ю. М. Афанасенко
Технічний редактор О. В. Лебедева
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Підп. до друку 13.09.2012. Формат 60x90/16.
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